The brain consequences of systemic inflammation were not fully alleviated by ibuprofen treatment in mice

Losartan improved hippocampal long‐term potentiation impairment induced by repeated LPS injection in rats

“…Previous reports indicated that systemic inflammation induces a mirror inflammation in the brain and subsequently impairs multiple aspects of brain function, including hippocampal synaptic plasticity (Anaeigoudari et al, 2016;Di Filippo et al, 2013;Strehl et al, 2014). Although we did not evaluate cognitive function in this study, previous studies reported that repeated LPS injection induces spatial memory, recognition memory, and fear memory impairment (Lee et al, 2012;Salmani et al, 2021). In this study, we measured the protective effects of losartan on hippocampal LTP impairment induced by repeated LPS injection.…”

“…Our previous studies showed that IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the brain tissue of repeated LPS-injected mice were significantly higher than the control animals even 2 weeks after LPS withdrawal (Salmani et al, 2020(Salmani et al, , 2021. In physiological concentrations, IL-1β enhances hippocampal LTP and memory function, whereas, in pathological concentrations, it suppresses LTP and induces memory impairment (Goshen et al, 2007;Ross et al, 2003).…”

“…LPS was dissolved in sterile saline at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml and injected into the rats based on their weights. The dose of LPS and duration of injection were selected based on previous reports indicating that in this paradigm, LPS induces mild and chronic systemic inflammation (Lee et al, 2012; Salmani et al, 2021). Chronic treatment with losartan (ip, 3 mg kg −1 day −1 ) or its vehicle (sterile saline, 1 ml/kg) was started 3 days before the LPS injection and continued during the LPS injections.…”

“…Mounting evidence indicates that systemic inflammation has a significant role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases such as depression and anxiety (Miller & Raison, 2015) and memory failure (Sankowski et al, 2015; Skelly et al, 2019). In chronic inflammation, memory impairment may be present even after cessation of the initial stimulus of systemic inflammation (Salmani et al, 2021). Systemic bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection as a well‐characterized model of inflammation is commonly used to investigate the effects of peripheral inflammation on brain function (Brown, 2019).…”

“…Systemic bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection as a well‐characterized model of inflammation is commonly used to investigate the effects of peripheral inflammation on brain function (Brown, 2019). It has been reported that long‐term treatment of mice with LPS causes cognitive impairment, which persists beyond the acute effects of LPS injection (Lee et al, 2015; Salmani et al, 2021). In this study, repeated injections of LPS were used as a chronic model of systemic inflammation.…”