The Bötzinger complex as the pattern generator for retching and vomiting in the dog

Fukuda, Hiroyuki; Koga, Tomoshige

doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(09)80001-1

Cited by 57 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Damage to this area by implanting a radon pellet into dogs was also shown to eliminate emesis induced by the injection of a copper sulfate solution into the stomach (55). Similar data were obtained by Fukuda, who reported that stimulation within the LTF induced vomiting (19,20), whereas electrolytic or chemical lesions of the area abolished the capacity to vomit (33). In addition, Fukuda's electrophysiological studies demonstrated that neurons in the LTF had appropriate firing patterns to coordinate the respiratory muscle contractions that result in vomiting (20).…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

Moy

Miller

Catanzaro

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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The dorsolateral reticular formation of the caudal medulla, or the lateral tegmental field (LTF), has been classified as the brain's "vomiting center", as well as an important region in regulating sympathetic outflow. We examined the responses of LTF neurons in cats to rotations of the body that activate vestibular receptors, as well as to stimulation of baroreceptors (through mechanical stretch of the carotid sinus) and gastrointestinal receptors (through the intragastric administration of the emetic compound copper sulfate). Approximately half of the LTF neurons exhibited graviceptive responses to vestibular stimulation, similar to primary afferents innervating otolith organs. The other half of the neurons had complex responses, including spatiotemporal convergence behavior, suggesting that they received convergent inputs from a variety of vestibular receptors. Neurons that received gastrointestinal and baroreceptor inputs had similar complex responses to vestibular stimulation; such responses are expected for neurons that contribute to the generation of motion sickness. LTF units with convergent baroreceptor and vestibular inputs may participate in producing the cardiovascular system components of motion sickness, such as the changes in skin blood flow that result in pallor. The administration of copper sulfate often modulated the gain of responses of LTF neurons to vestibular stimulation, particularly for units whose spontaneous firing rate was altered by infusion of drug (median of 459%). The present results raise the prospect that emetic signals from the gastrointestinal tract modify the processing of vestibular inputs by LTF neurons, thereby affecting the probability that vomiting will occur as a consequence of motion sickness.

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supporting

confidence: 70%

Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

Moy

Miller

Catanzaro

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…In the rat, the rejection response consists of large amplitude mouth openings (gapes), accompanied by a complex sequence of lingual movements (Grill and Norgren, 1978a;Travers and Norgren, 1986;DiNardo and Travers, 1994). Because this gape response appears as a resequencing of the motor pattern of the lick response but also shows parallels to the emetic response in other species, the control of rejection may be closely associated with the circuitry involved in the production of ingestive rhythmic behaviors (Moriyama, 1987;Nozaki et al, 1993; reviewed by Travers et al, 1997) or emesis (Borison and Wang, 1949;Mehler, 1983;Fukuda and Koga, 1991). The potential role of RF neurons exhibiting FLI in gustatory oromotor circuitry was determined with double-labeling techniques to examine the extent to which FLI neurons project to the oromotor nuclei (c-fos/retrograde labeling) and whether FLI neurons in the RF overlap with projections from the NST (c-fos/anterograde labeling).…”

Section: Abstract: C-fos; Medullary Reticular Formation; Brainstem; mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Medullary Reticular Formation of the Rat after Gustatory Elicited Ingestion and Rejection Behaviors

DiNardo¹,

Travers

1997

J. Neurosci.

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The distribution of neurons in the medullary reticular formation (RF) activated by the ingestion of sucrose or rejection of quinine was examined using standard immunohistochemical techniques to detect the expression of the Fos protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos. Double-labeling techniques were used to gain further insight into the possible functional significance of RF neurons exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI). Compared with sucrose and unstimulated controls, quinine elicited significantly more FLI neurons in three specific RF subdivisions: parvocellular reticular nucleus (PCRt), intermediate reticular nucleus (IRt), and dorsal medullary reticular nucleus (MdD). Moreover, the number of FLI neurons in the RF of quinine-stimulated animals was significantly correlated with the degree of oromotor activity. Thus, the distinct distribution of FLI neurons throughout the RF after quinine may reflect the activation of a specific oral rejection circuit. The double-labeling results indicated a high degree of segregation between FLI neurons and premotor projection neurons to the hypoglossal nucleus (mXII) retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold. Thus, although there were a significant number of double-labeled neurons in the RF, the major concentration of premotor projection neurons to mXII in IRt were medial to the preponderance of FLI neurons in the PCRt. In contrast, there was substantial overlap between FLI neurons in the RF and labeled fibers after injections of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran into the rostral (gustatory) portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. These results support a medial (premotor)/lateral (sensory) functional topography of the medullary RF. Key words: c-fos; medullary reticular formation; brainstem; ingestion; rejection; ratOne of the fundamental roles of gustation is to discriminate palatable from unpalatable, often toxic substances. In the rat (Woods, 1964;Grill and Norgren, 1978b) as well as other species (Steiner, 1973;Berntson and Micco, 1976), the underlying circuitry for this discrimination is located in the caudal brainstem, because decerebrate animals respond appropriately with stereotyped ingestion and rejection behaviors after gustatory stimulation. Although the location of the "switch" from ingestion to rejection is unknown, a role for the medullary reticular formation (RF) is suggested. Both the first-order central gustatory relay [the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)] and the second order gustatory relay [the parabrachial nucleus (PBN)] project to specific regions

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“…Each of these nonrespiratory neurons also exhibited the same firing pattern during expulsion. Recording sites of these neurons were distributed in the reticular area, which may correspond to the BÖT (Lipski and Merrill 1980;Fedorko and Merrill 1984;Otake et al 1987;Manabe and Ezure 1988;Miller and Nonaka 1990), and also in the medullar area, where isolation by partial cutting (Fukuda and Koga 1991), lesion by electrical coagulation, or destruction by kainic acid (Koga and Fukuda 1995) eliminates the retching and expulsion reflexes. Therefore, neuronal gagging activity patterns are thought to be produced in the BÖT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The existence of the central pattern generators for retching and expulsion in the reticular area corresponding to the Bötzinger complex (BÖT) has been postulated based on the following results in decerebrate dogs: (1) stimulation of the BÖT produces vomiting (retching and expulsion; Fukuda and Koga 1991); (2) lesion of the BÖT eliminates vomiting (Fukuda and Koga 1991;Koga and Fukuda 1995); and (3) BÖT neurons exhibit firing patterns appropriate for generating vomiting Koga 1992, 1995b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal gagging activity patterns may be generated by neurons in the reticular area dorsomedial to the retrofacial nucleus in dogs

Fukuda

Koga

1997

Exp Brain Res

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Expulsion is induced when hypercapnea and hypoxia develop during retching, or when the oropharyngeal mucosa is irritated (the gag reflex). The central pattern generator (CPG) for expulsion has been suggested to coexist with the CPG for retching in the reticular area dorsomedial to the retrofacial nucleus, which may correspond to the Botzinger complex (BOT). However, its participation in gagging induced by oropharyngeal irritation is unclear. To elucidate such participation, the firing patterns of BOT neurons were observed during gagging induced by stimulation of superior laryngeal afferents in decerebrate, paralyzed dogs. Only 23% of inspiratory and 34% of expiratory BOT neurons increased their firing in response to stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. In contrast, 75% of nonrespiratory BOT neurons showed enhanced firing with this stimulation. During gagging, each nonrespiratory, inspiratory, and expiratory BOT neuron fired with the same pattern that they exhibited during expulsion caused by changes in blood gases. These firing patterns could be classified into five types and are thought to be appropriate for generating neuronal gagging activity. These results suggest that the CPG for expulsion in the BOT produces gagging when it is activated by oropharyngolaryngeal afferents.

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The Bötzinger complex as the pattern generator for retching and vomiting in the dog

Cited by 57 publications

References 30 publications

Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

Distribution of Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Medullary Reticular Formation of the Rat after Gustatory Elicited Ingestion and Rejection Behaviors

Neuronal gagging activity patterns may be generated by neurons in the reticular area dorsomedial to the retrofacial nucleus in dogs

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