A taxonomic revision of Salvia subg. Calosphace sect. Membranaceae (Lamiaceae) is presented based on the examination of recent herbarium collections and field observations. The section consists of 12 species and it occurs from northern Mexico to northern South America. A morphological conspectus, identification key, botanical descriptions, photographs, distribution maps, a comprehensive list of synonyms and a discussion about the delimitation of problematic taxa are given.
IntroductionTraditionally, Salvia L. was regarded as one of the largest vascular plant genera (Frodin 2004), with 900-1100 species worldwide (Standley and Williams 1973, Hsi-wen and Hedge 1994, Walker et al. 2004. It has a subcosmopolitan distribution, but native species are only absent from the highest latitudes and from Australasia, with the major centres of diversity in Mexico-Central America and the Mediterranean BasinMiddle East (Walker et al. 2004). It occupies a broad range of habitats, temperate and tropical forests, arid and semi-arid scrubs, alpine and secondary vegetation; and it grows from sea level to elevations of 4800 m (Hsiwen and Hedge 1994, Ramamoorthy andElliott 1998). Various species of this genus have been part of popular medicine in different regions and cultures (Rivera et al. 1994, Ceroni-S. 2002, Cahill 2003, Dweck 2000, Jäger and Van Staden 2000, Martínez-Moreno et al. 2006, Ramírez et al. 2006, Cheng 2007, Jenks 2008, Jenks and Kim 2013, and recent studies are uncovering the underlying chemicals responsible for the healing properties (Perry et al. 2000, Yokozawa 2000, Veličovič et al. 2003, Ramírez et al. 2006, Cheng 2007, Ramírez et al. 2007, Li et al. 2012. Some individual species have had great relevance and have been employed for several purposes, such as Salvia hispanica L., which was employed by Mesoamerican people as food, medicine and oil (Cahill 2003), and that is now reappraised as a valuable nutritional resource (Ayerza and Coates 2005, Peiretti and Gai 2009). Furthermore, S. divinorum Epling & Játiva, possesses medicinal and stimulating properties that are utilized by Mazatec people (indigenous people who inhabit the Sierra Mazateca, in Oaxaca, southern Mexico) in divination rites (Wasson 1962, Valdés-III et al. 1987, Reisfield 1993, and is presently gaining popularity as a hallucinogenic in different countries (González et al. 2006, Lange et al. 2008). In addition, Salvia has been a popular ornamental and continues to be prized as a decorative garden plant (Clebsh 1997, Froissart 2008. Epling, 1939) has been followed with successive publications that describe new sections and species, provide additional and/ or emended data about sectional and species delimitations, and amplify geographical distributions (Epling 1940(Epling , 1941(Epling , 1944(Epling , 1947(Epling , 1951(Epling , 1960Epling and Mathias 1957;Epling and Játiva 1963, 1968. In the last 10 years at least 34 new species have been published within subg. Calosphace (Missouri Botanical Garden 2013). Hence, in view of these recent advanc...