The creationo fd imericb oron difluoride complexes of chelating N-donor ligands is ap rovens trategy for the enhancement of the optoelectronic properties of fluorescent dyes. We report dimers based on the boron difluoride hydrazone (BODIHY) framework, whicho ffer uniquea nd sometimes unexpected substituent-dependent absorption, emission, and electrochemical properties. BODIHY dimers have low-energy absorption bands (l max = 421 to 479 nm, e = 17 200 to 39 900 m À1 cm À1 )t hat are red-shifted relative to monomeric analogues. THF solutionso ft hese dimers exhibit aggregation-induced emission upon additiono fw ater,w ith emissione nhancement factors ranging from 5t o1 8. Thin films of BODIHY dimers are weakly emissive as ar esult of the inner-filter effect,a ttributedt oi ntermolecular p-type interactions. BODIHY dimers are redox-active and display two one-electron oxidation and two one-electron reduction wavest hat strongly dependo nt he N-aryl substituents. These properties are rationalized using density-functional theoryc alculations and X-ray crystallography experiments.
Results and Discussion
Synthesis and characterizationHydrazone dimers 10 a-d were prepared by adapting al iterature procedure previously used for monomeric derivatives. [8f] This procedure involves condensationr eactionso ft he respective aryl hydrazines and 2,2'-pyridil (Scheme 1, Figures S1-S8).