The Bonds of Womanhood

Cott, Nancy F.

doi:10.2307/j.ctt1nq7b4

Cited by 73 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…8 The first distinction, the nei-wai polarity, designates the separated domains between both genders: the males are primary in the outer (social/public) sphere while the females are primary in the inner (domestic) sphere. The modern ideology of separate spheres, which means man as economic provider and woman as emotional caregiver, also appeared among Western middle-class families during the Industrial Revolution and continued even after women's increasing employment (Cott 1997;Hochschild and Machung 2012). Despite its universality, the gender distinction in the Confucian tradition puts an extra emphasis on men's and women's social roles in families, working together to continue the bloodline through reproduction.…”

Section: Confucianism and Its Psycho-cultural Impetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Identity Strategy of “Wild-Geese” Fathers: The Craft of Confucian Fathers

Jung

Wang

2018

Religions

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Abstract:Transnational migration scholarship has discussed parents' economic and emotional sacrifice for their children as a justification for separation. However, the researchers have overlooked addressing how the parents' sacrifice is culturally ingrained, and fathers in the homeland construct their identity embedded in local culture. This article fills the gap by analyzing the experiences of Korean transnational fathers, "wild-geese fathers", who live in South Korea. Using online data and narrative analysis, this article argues that wild-geese fathers identify themselves as tragic figures faced with emotional difficulties and successful heroes overcoming those difficulties. It shows that the mixed narrative of heroism is tied to Confucianism, which imbues fathers with the ideology of strong father controlling their emotions and intermediary roles producing children that are capable of maintaining the lineage honor. The analysis of wild-geese fathers shows that Confucianism proves to be a durable cultural resource for the contemporary Korean transnational family in a rapidly changing global era.

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Section: Confucianism and Its Psycho-cultural Impetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Identity Strategy of “Wild-Geese” Fathers: The Craft of Confucian Fathers

Jung

Wang

2018

Religions

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“…American women have always been working as gardeners, seamstresses, and nurses, etc., contributing to the establishment of family economy and the development of American industrial capitalism. Yet, before the nineteenth century, the prevalent myth held that women did not work, though the housekeeper and domestic manufacturer had lamented that "A woman's work is never done" 8 . As Linda Gordon revealed, definitions of "work" as wage labor and of "working class" as miners, construction workers, and factory hands-characteristic laborers of industrial society, are to be revised, if "women's work" is recognized as indispensable for understanding the impact of industrialism and the consumerist economy 9 .…”

Section: Domestic Implications Of American "Women's Work"mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, women were prescribed to follow the ideology of "true womanhood" 1 and economic position in the family and society. Nevertheless, since "the mill girl" began to join the industrial work and "the lady" made her debut in 1830s, American women's economic participation, public activities, and social visibility have been changing women's reception to the "cult of domesticity", their material life circumstances, and long-range economic situation 2 . In this process, the recognition of consumers' social status also transformed women's familial, docile roles into autonomous, public citizens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diplomatic Implications of Women’s Work in American Consumer Society

Jiang¹

2015

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American foreign policies have observed guiding principles of democracy, yet an overemphasis on political values leads to more conflicts than mutual understandings in today's world. Therefore, this paper proposes that exploring diplomatic implications of "women's work" provides new insights into cultural values of the Four Freedoms-major pillars supporting modern American liberalism. This paper foregrounds the domestic and diplomatic significance of "women's work" by analyzing women's contributions as laborers at home, in the labor force, and in American consumer society. As American women participated in the paid labor force and took up most consumptive activities, women outside America also worked hard to provide food and care for families. This paper argues that a more comprehensive definition of "women's work" is not only indispensable for the development of American industry, consumer society, and the expansion of marketplace, but integrates a system of dualisms separating wage labor and housework, or divisions between spheres of men and women.Moreover, investigations into hidden values of women's work alleviate worries arising from information revolution and economic globalization. Moreover, placing women's work in perspective enables diplomats to see through factors leading to international hostilities, to reduce conflicts arising from information revolution and economic globalization, and to understand America's soft power pertinently. KeywordsWomen's work, American consumer society, women's freedom, diplomatic implications Women's independent contributions and their dependent status, feminist goals and prescriptive roles of womanhood were among the distinctive paradoxes characterizing American society since the first settlers established colonial households in North America in the seventeenth century. American women's economic activities propelled the progress of feminist movement in fighting for women's right to vote, to receive education, and to take part in public activities. Indeed, women's work experiences shaped their civic identities and socio-economic positions, which had remained secondary, dependent, and subservient to men before they participated in wage-labor outside home. In colonial households, women's homemaking work-cooking, gardening, cleaning, weaving, and mothering-varied in its concrete content to meet family needs, but invariably functioned as part of their husband's work-whether he was a shoemaker, blacksmith, or a merchant  . Consequently, women were prescribed to follow the ideology of "true womanhood" 1 , submissive to men's legal existence

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“…Although what women did in the home had economic import, the home was described as a non -economic space, separate from the tumultuous world of business and government. Women ' s primary function was to create peaceful and virtuous homes in which they would nurture young Christians, train good citizens, and offer refuge from the competitive male sphere (Boydston, 1990 ;Cott, 1977 ;McDannell, 1986 ).…”

Section: The Nineteenth Century: Domesticity and Separate Spheresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender

Johnson¹

2010

The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America

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The Bonds of Womanhood

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

The Identity Strategy of “Wild-Geese” Fathers: The Craft of Confucian Fathers

The Identity Strategy of “Wild-Geese” Fathers: The Craft of Confucian Fathers

Diplomatic Implications of Women’s Work in American Consumer Society

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