The bodily self: Insights from clinical and experimental research

Diéguez, Sebastian; Lopez, Christophe

doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.04.007

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Since then, different researchers have used the class of bodily illusions—having the aforementioned RHI as the prototypical paradigm (Serino and Dakanalis, 2016) to study the mechanisms behind body experience and its link with higher cognitive processes. Although this perspective article does not focus on an in-depth discussion of body illusion studies, which have recently been reviewed and summarized elsewhere (Costantini, 2014; Dieguez and Lopez, 2016; Serino and Dakanalis, 2016), it is worth noting some of these studies whose results are relevant for the topic of this article. First, it has been demonstrated that illusory ownership over an invisible body reduces social anxiety responses (Guterstam et al, 2015a).…”

Section: The Emergence Of Embodied Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied Medicine: Mens Sana in Corpore Virtuale Sano

Riva

Serino

Lernia

et al. 2017

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Progress in medical science and technology drastically improved physicians’ ability to interact with patient’s physical body. Nevertheless, medicine still addresses the human body from a Hippocratic point of view, considering the organism and its processes just as a matter of mechanics and fluids. However, the interaction between the cognitive neuroscience of bodily self-consciousness (BSC), fundamentally rooted in the integration of multisensory bodily inputs, with virtual reality (VR), haptic technologies and robotics is giving a new meaning to the classic Juvenal’s latin dictum “Mens sana in corpore sano” (a healthy mind in a healthy body). This vision provides the basis for a new research field, “Embodied Medicine”: the use of advanced technologies for altering the experience of being in a body with the goal of improving health and well-being. Up to now, most of the research efforts in the field have been focused upon how external bodily information is processed and integrated. Despite the important results, we believe that existing bodily illusions still need to be improved to enhance their capability to effectively correct pathological dysfunctions. First, they do not follow the suggestions provided by the free-energy and predictive coding approaches. More, they lacked to consider a peculiar feature of the human body, the multisensory integration of internal inputs (interoceptive, proprioceptive and vestibular) that constitute our inner body dimension. So, a future challenge is the integration of simulation/stimulation technologies also able to measure and modulate this internal/inner experience of the body. Finally, we also proposed the concept of “Sonoception” as an extension of this approach. The core idea is to exploit recent technological advances in the acoustic field to use sound and vibrations to modify the internal/inner body experience.

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Section: The Emergence Of Embodied Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied Medicine: Mens Sana in Corpore Virtuale Sano

Riva

Serino

Lernia

et al. 2017

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…At first glance, these relations between the self, the body, and the external world seem straightforward but several pieces of behavioural, phenomenological, and neurological data demonstrate that the spatial unity between the self and the body is not that simple. Indeed, spatial unity can easily be disrupted in neurological patients or by providing ambiguous multisensory information to the brain (see Blanke, 2012;Dieguez & Lopez, in press, for reviews). Thus, the self does not always appear to be identified with the body and located in the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unity of the self or a multiplicity of locations? How the graphesthesia task sheds light on the role of spatial perspectives in bodily self-consciousness

Arnold

Spence

Auvray

2017

Consciousness and Cognition

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Integrating multisensory stimuli from a self-centred perspective is crucial for the unity of the self. On the other hand, understanding external space and communicating spatial knowledge with others necessitate the adoption of decentred perspectives. How do we juggle these two requirements? In this article, we review those studies that have used the graphesthesia task in order to investigate the perspectives that people adopt when interpreting ambiguous tactile symbols (e.g., b, d, p, and q). With such ambiguous symbols, self-centred and decentred perspectives conflict with one another. The results reviewed here reveal that the perspectives adopted vary significantly with spatial, personal, and interpersonal factors. Such findings suggest that the self can adopt a multiplicity of spatial locations. However, the unity of the self can partly be explained by the predominance of a head-centred perspective. On the other hand, perspective-taking abilities contribute to the distinction between self and others, reinforcing self-consciousness.

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“…In most 3PP-FBI studies self-location was measured by a locomotion task (LT), an action-based (motor) judgement in which participants were moved backward and asked to walk to where they perceived to be located during the visuo-tactile stimulation 15,18,34 . Participants relocated their self from 10 to 30 cm toward the seen body from their initial position after synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation 35,36 . Thus, self-location was a compromise between the location of the physical body and the location of the seen body participants self-identified with.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring perceived self-location in virtual reality

Nakul

Orlando-Dessaints

Lenggenhager

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Third-person perspective full-body illusions (3PP-FBI) enable the manipulation, through multisensory stimulation, of perceived self-location. Perceived self-location is classically measured by a locomotion task. Yet, as locomotion modulates various sensory signals, we developed in immersive virtual reality a measure of self-location without locomotion. Tactile stimulation was applied on the back of twentyfive participants and displayed synchronously or asynchronously on an avatar's back seen from behind. Participants completed the locomotion task and a novel mental imagery task, in which they self-located in relation to a virtual ball approaching them. Participants self-identified with the avatar more during synchronous than asynchronous visuo-tactile stimulation in both tasks. This was accentuated for the mental imagery task, showing a larger self-relocation toward the avatar, together with higher reports of presence, bi-location and disembodiment in the synchronous condition only for the mental imagery task. In conclusion, the results suggest that avoiding multisensory updating during walking, and using a perceptual rather than a motor task, can improve measures of illusory self-location. open Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:6802 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63643-y www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ An often-reported limitation of the LT is that locomotion updates somatosensory, vestibular and interoceptive signals. Measures of self-location based on perceptual judgements rather than action-based judgements could minimize self-motion, reduce confounding sensory stimulation, and maintain illusory self-location. There is evidence to suggest that action-based judgments are less sensitive to visual illusions, as they rely on different neural pathways, than more perceptual judgments 37-39 . To measure self-location in non-moving participants, a "mental ball dropping task" has been used during 3PP-FBIs using video presentations of a human body 16,17,19 . Participants tested lying supine held a ball and had to indicate, with button presses, when they imagined dropping the ball and when the ball would hit the ground. After synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation, participants' evaluation of the time needed for the ball to reach the ground increased or decreased with regard to their illusion of being located above or below their body. Similar results were reported for a mental ball dropping task in VR 40 . However, the mental ball dropping task needs to be adapted to a more ecological 3PP-FBI in which participants are tested standing upright. Body positioning is important as lying supine modifies corporeal and extracorporeal space perception 41 . To our knowledge, there is still a lack of a measure of self-location which does not require changes in perceived self-location with respect to gravity, but rather with respect to the more ecological front-back or left-right axes. Second, participants exposed to VR are thought to distribute their self between the real and VR environments 33...

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The bodily self: Insights from clinical and experimental research

Cited by 38 publications

References 90 publications

Embodied Medicine: Mens Sana in Corpore Virtuale Sano

Embodied Medicine: Mens Sana in Corpore Virtuale Sano

A unity of the self or a multiplicity of locations? How the graphesthesia task sheds light on the role of spatial perspectives in bodily self-consciousness

Measuring perceived self-location in virtual reality

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