The blue water phenomenon

Edwards, Marc; Jacobs, Sara; Taylor, Rachael L.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb08975.x

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Alkaline or calcareous scales are the most commonly observed types of pipe scales composed of minerals, such as, calcium carbonate, goethite, magnetite, green rust and amorphous Fe phases (Edwards et al 2000). Scales formed in drinking water PVC pipes consists of Calcium phosphate, Calcium carbonate etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of the micro/nano structured biogenic silver doped calcium phosphate

2015

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Scale formation in PVC pipelines reduces the water flow efficiency and enhances microbial contamination. A bio-based composite material comprising of silver doped calcium phosphate (Cp-Ag) was synthesized using a simple technique (photo catalysis) and herein, we report for the first time on preparation and evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of silver doped calcite extracted from the scale in drinking water pipe lines. Five concentrations of silver doped calcite materials viz,5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm were prepared using chemical ammonia mediated synthetic method. The material Cp-Ag was characterized by using the techniques UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Thermo gravimetric analysis, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and X-ray flouresence microscopy (XRF). Typical rhombohedral structure of the silver doped calcite was observed. XRF and XPS studies confirmed the presence of both calcium and silver in the composite material (Cp-Ag). The silver doped calcite material exhibited enhanced inhibition against Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus (Kirby-Bauer discs diffusion assay) which is also dependent on the concentration of the Cp-Ag material.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of the micro/nano structured biogenic silver doped calcium phosphate

2015

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“…This may be due to the easy fittings with different pipe varieties [55,56]. Metal-based materials can form the corrosion products on pipe surfaces and release metals into water as a result of chemical or biological reactions [57,58]. Moreover, Lehtola et al [59] found that, the biofilm formation in copper pipes was slower than in polyethylene (PE) pipes, and that copper ions led to the decrease of the count of microorganisms in water while plastic pipes such as PE, which have been used recently, are more economic pipes than traditional metal plumbing materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Pipe Materials and Chlorination on Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Listeria monocytogenes

Hemdan¹,

Sedik²,

Kamel³

et al. 2015

TOPROCJ

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This work aimed to determine the influence of different chlorine doses to inactivate of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm cells collected from six types of pipe materials, which are commonly used in household at different biofilm ages. A laboratory-scale simulated distribution system, that consists of a design based on six different pipe materials which are: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), iron (I), copper (Cu) and rubber (R). Six samples of L. monocytogenes biofilm were collected from the previous designed system at three different biofilm ages (10, 40 and 90 days-old). The collected biofilm samples were exposed to different chlorine doses (0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6 and 3.0 mg/l) at 10 min, and then total bacterial counts using pour plate method was enumerated. The results showed that the log reduction of 90 days-old of L. monocytogenes biofilm formation, when exposed to 3.0 mg/l of chlorine dose, on six pipe materials; PVC, PP, PE, I, Cu and R was 3. 96, 4.16, 4.21, 4.17, 4.32 and 4.03 CFU/cm 2 , respectively with the initial count of biofilm cells was 10 6 CFU/cm 2 . While the log reductions of L. monocytogenes planktonic cells were: 6.20 CFU/ml (complete reduction) at the same dose of chlorine dose. The present study concluded that the biofilm cells are more resistant to chlorine dose than planktonic cells. Moreover, the biofilm of 10 days-old is more sensitive than 40 days-old followed by 90 days-old that grows in different pipe materials. In addition, chlorine effectiveness depends on its concentration, the exposure time, nature of pipe materials and the age of biofilm.

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“…The diffusion impedance Z D can be described by the following equation, particularly in cases when the diffusion length is finite: 19,20 (3) where B = δ/√ -D, δ is the Nernst diffusion layer thickness, D is the value of the diffusion coefficients of the species, R is the ideal gas constant, T absolute temperature, and Y 0 = 1/σ√ -2, σ is the Warburg coefficient that can be defined like the diffusion resistance. This is defined as:…”

Section: (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Nevertheless, yet in drinking water under certain conditions, Cu can induce a green-blue colored aspect due to its dissolution when particulate corrosion products are released into the bulk water. 2,3 Some studies developed in synthetic tap water and neutral low conductivity water in aerated conditions showed that the Cu corrosion behavior is related to the presence of an oxide film, 1,[4][5][6][7] which is primarily composed of cuprous species 1 with other copper products like cupric oxide, cupric hydroxide and possibly cupric carbonate. 8,9 It has been reported that an increase of the oxide film thickness on the surface causes an increase of the polarization resistance with time, mainly in the first days of immersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical behavior of copper in drinking water: evaluation of dissolution process at low anodic overpotential

Ríos¹,

Calderón²,

Nogueira³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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O comportamento eletroquímico do cobre em água potável foi estudado por polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em até quatro dias depois de imersão em condições hidrodinâmicas diferentes. Os resultados de impedância foram interpretados usando modelos de circuito equivalente, os quais mostraram um aumento da espessura do filme com o tempo, que impede a difusão de espécies de cobre através da camada de óxido de cobre formada. Essa camada de óxido é maior em condição de estagnação. A baixos sobrepotenciais anódicos, os diagramas de impedância apresentam pelo menos quatro constantes de tempo que poderiam ser explicadas pela existência de diferentes pocessos faradaicos, a adsorção/dessorção de espécies intermediárias, processos de difusão e a formação de uma camada de óxido na superfície de cobre. Na região anódica, a resistência total à corrosão diminui, possivelmente devido à dissolução das espécies de cobre e ao aumento da difusão através da camada de óxido, principalmente sob condições hidrodinâmicas.The electrochemical behavior of copper in near-neutral aerated tap water was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy up to four days of immersion under different hydrodynamic conditions. The impedance results were interpreted by equivalent circuit that showed an increasing film thickness with time that hinders the diffusion of copper species across the oxide layer, which is larger in stagnating condition. At low anodic overpotential, copper impedance presents at least four time constants that could be explained by faradaic processes, adsorption/desorption of intermediate species, diffusion controlled process and oxide layer formation on copper surface. In the anodic region, the overall corrosion resistance decreases possibly due to the dissolution of copper species and the increase of diffusion across the oxide layer, mainly under hydrodynamic condition.

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The blue water phenomenon

Cited by 52 publications

References 11 publications

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of the micro/nano structured biogenic silver doped calcium phosphate

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of the micro/nano structured biogenic silver doped calcium phosphate

Impact of Pipe Materials and Chlorination on Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Listeria monocytogenes

Electrochemical behavior of copper in drinking water: evaluation of dissolution process at low anodic overpotential

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