The blood–brain barrier in psychosis

Pollak, Thomas A; Drndarski, Svetlana; Stone, James; David, Anthony S.; McGuire, Philip; Abbott, N. Joan

doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30293-6

Cited by 224 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…The popularization of the glymphatic hypothesis has brought welcomed attention to a neglected and important area of neurophysiology, and the term “glymphatic system” has become widely applied to describe the paravascular system in the brain. However, a number of researchers have expressed concern that the use of terms such as “glymphatic” and “brain lymphatics” invites confusion, as brain ISF and lymph are substantially different (36, 85). We would add to these concerns that the major mechanistic aspects of the glymphatic hypothesis are highly speculative and perhaps incorrect; therefore, the use of the term “paravascular system” may be more appropriate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “glymphatic” mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer's disease: game changer or unproven speculation?

2018

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How solutes and macromolecules are removed from brain tissue is of central importance in normal brain physiology and in how toxic protein aggregates are cleared in neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conventionally, solute transport in the narrow and tortuous extracellular space in brain parenchyma has been thought to be primarily diffusive and nondirectional. The recently proposed "glymphatic" (glial-lymphatic) hypothesis posits that solute clearance is convective and driven by active fluid transport from para-arterial to paravenous spaces though aquaporin-4 water channels in astrocyte endfeet. Glymphatic, convective solute clearance has received much attention because of its broad implications for AD and other brain pathologies and even the function of sleep. However, the theoretical plausibility of glymphatic transport has been questioned, and recent data have challenged its experimental underpinnings. A substantiated mechanism of solute clearance in the brain is of considerable importance because of its implications for pathogenic mechanisms of neurologic diseases and delivery of therapeutics.-Smith, A. J., Verkman, A. S. The "glymphatic" mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer's disease: game changer or unproven speculation?

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “glymphatic” mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer's disease: game changer or unproven speculation?

2018

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“…Further clinical studies are profoundly needed to confirm reproducibility of previous findings in humans and to dissect the neurobiological basis of physical exercise benefits. We argue that imaging studies (positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be instrumental to characterize the impact of PE on oxidative stress (this is a classical METH neurotoxicity hallmark), BBB integrity, and neurogenesis (two recent and exciting hallmarks) in METH addicts . Preclinical studies and clinical trials should use physical exercise conjointly with some promising drugs such as mirtazapine, bupropion, and methylphenidate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction

et al. 2017

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Methamphetamine (METH) is the primary drug within amphetamine-type stimulants which are the second most abused group of drugs worldwide. There is no pharmacological treatment addressed specifically to METH addiction, and behavioral therapy is shadowed by poor long-term recovery and relapse. Therefore, novel approaches to manage METH addiction are an urgent need. This review aims to describe the current state of physical exercise use on methamphetamine addiction management. The following searching terms in PubMed were used: ("physical exercise" OR "exercise") AND "methamphetamine." Relevant references from key publications and gray literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. Original investigation regarding physical exercise and methamphetamine addiction (clinical data) or neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in animal models of methamphetamine administration (preclinical data) was included. Overall, METH users demonstrated improvements, including better fitness and emotional measures, lower relapse rates, and sustained abstinence when compared to nonexercised individuals. The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in METH users seem to reflect an interplay of several agents, including neurochemicals, oxidative stress, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and blood-brain barrier as disclosed by preclinical data. Exercise-based interventions alone or as a conjoint therapy may be a useful tool for managing METH addiction.

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“…It has been hypothesized that inflammatory mechanisms are related to the physiopathology of neuropsychiatric disorders through several mechanisms. Among them are glial activation [31], neuronal damage and degeneration [32], increased oxidative stress [33], reduced neurotrophic support [34], altered neurotransmitter metabolism [35], and blood-brain barrier disruption [36]. For ADHD, evidence supporting a role of inflammatory mechanisms comes from 3 main lines: comorbidity with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, biochemical markers, and genetic studies.…”

Section: The Role Of Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Leffa

Torres

Rohde

2018

Neuroimmunomodulation

105

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition that impairs quality of life in social, academic, and occupational contexts for both children and adults. Although a strong neurobiological basis has been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is still poorly understood. Among the proposed mechanisms are glial activation, neuronal damage and degeneration, increased oxidative stress, reduced neurotrophic support, altered neurotransmitter metabolism, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In this way, a potential role of inflammation has been increasingly researched. However, evidence for the involvement of inflammation in ADHD is still scarce and comes mainly from (1) observational studies showing a strong comorbidity of ADHD with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders; (2) studies evaluating serum inflammatory markers; and (3) genetic studies. A co-occurrence of ADHD with inflammatory disorders has been demonstrated in a large number of subjects, suggesting a range of underlying mechanisms such as an altered immune response, common genetics, and environmental links. The evaluation of serum inflammatory markers has provided mixed results, likely due to the small sample sizes and high heterogeneity between biomarkers. However, there is evidence that increased inflammation during the early development may be a risk factor for ADHD symptoms. Although genetic studies have demonstrated a potential role for inflammation in this disorder, there is no clear evidence. To sum up, inflammation may be an important mechanism in ADHD pathophysiology, but more studies are still needed for a more precise conclusion.

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The blood–brain barrier in psychosis

Cited by 224 publications

References 157 publications

The “glymphatic” mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer's disease: game changer or unproven speculation?

The “glymphatic” mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer's disease: game changer or unproven speculation?

The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction

A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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