The Blepharocardiac Reflex

Anderson, Richard L.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060172014

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The flexibility of wall bone worsens the incarceration of the tissue around the eye or extraocular muscle, which may explain why diplopia or extraocular muscle limitation was more frequent in children than in adults. Nausea/vomiting is a vagally mediated response to pain or other sensory feedback associated with extraocular muscle traction and may indicate the possibility of a developing oculocardiac reflex [24,25]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

An Analysis of 733 Surgically Treated Blowout Fractures

Jung

Shin

et al. 2009

Ophthalmologica

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Purpose: To evaluate current patient demographics and surgical outcomes from a large series of 733 surgically treated orbital fractures from an ophthalmologist’s perspective. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 733 patients with orbital fracture, who were treated surgically by one of the authors at Gil Hospital, Gachon University, from May 2000 until September 2007. Data regarding patient demographics, signs and symptoms at presentation, cause of injury, nature of fracture, associated ocular and nonocular injury, surgical outcome and complications were collected. Results: Male patients outnumbered female patients, and blowout fracture occurred most frequently between the ages of 20 and 29 years (mean age 30.7 years). Violent assault was the leading cause of the fractures, followed by fall/slip and traffic accidents. Common signs and symptoms were periorbital ecchymosis, ocular motility restriction, diplopia and enophthalmos. In the pediatric group, diplopia and ocular motility restriction were the most common. Subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema and commotio retinae were the most commonly associated ocular injuries. As for the location of fractures, medial wall fractures were the most common, followed by fractures of the inferior wall, and both medial and inferior walls, in order. The most common type of fracture was the ‘comminuted’ one. In the pediatric group, the percentage of trapdoor-type fracture was higher than in the adult group. Forty-four percent of the patients had diplopia preoperatively and 8.7% postoperatively. The average measurement of difference in the enophthalmos (≧2 mm) patient population was improved from 2.62 (±SD 0.9) to 1.73 (±SD 1.3) after surgery. Ocular motility restriction was preoperatively noted in 297 patients (40.5%), and only 18 patients (2.5%) showed restriction after surgery. Conclusion: Young male individuals are at the highest risk for orbital fractures. There are marked differences in the clinical symptomatology and findings between pediatric and adult orbital fractures. Diplopia, enophthalmos and ocular motility restriction improved by repair of fracture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

An Analysis of 733 Surgically Treated Blowout Fractures

Jung

Shin

et al. 2009

Ophthalmologica

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“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Given the anatomy involved, it stands to reason that iatrogenically induced trigeminal reflexes would be first described and most widely reported in the context of neurosurgical and ophthalmological procedures.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 42%

The Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Interventional Neuroradiology

Agrawal

Orbach

2015

Trigeminocardiac Reflex

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“…The incidence of the OCR, in this type of surgery, ranges from 32 to 90 per cent, depending upon the methods used and the criteria of evaluation chosen.I [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Transient cardiac arrest could be as frequent as 1/2,200 corrections of strabismus. ~4 More than 60 deaths have been related to the OCR, even during use of local anaesthesia.…”

Section: '1~mentioning

confidence: 99%