“…Barriers that could be changed by a manageable number of actors without significantly overturning power relations can be seen as "shallow." Policies are a political structural factor referenced most frequently in the literature, with scholars emphasizing that weak policies form a major barrier to transformation (Larsen et al, 2011;Antal and van den Bergh, 2014;Grosjean et al, 2016;Mercure et al, 2016;Spash, 2016;Beck and Mahony, 2018;Gunderson et al, 2018;Henders et al, 2018;Jackson and Smith, 2018;Mathy et al, 2018;Gossen et al, 2019;Anderson et al, 2020;Chan et al, 2020;Somerville, 2020;Streck, 2020;Brand, 2021). Practical examples of policy weakness include loopholes that allow jurisdictions to externalize footprints and meet (their individual) targets by importing rather than producing resource-intensive commodities.…”