The bitter truth: Sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicts overactivity in highly arousable female dieters

Craig, Melynda L.; Hollis, Karen L.; Dess, Nancy K.

doi:10.1002/eat.10175

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Work with humans supported the findings with laboratory animals and showed that sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicted overactivity in highly arousable female dieters (Craig et al, 2003). For example, differential reactivity to sweet and bitter tastes has been associated with several psychiatric disorders such as depression (Amsterdam et al, 1987), alcoholism (Pelchat and Danowski, 1992;Kampov-Polevoy et al, 1999) and posttraumatic stress disorder (DeMet et al, 1998).…”

Section: Stress and Emotionalitymentioning

confidence: 86%

Selective breeding for differential saccharin intake as an animal model of drug abuse

Carroll

Morgan

Anker

et al. 2008

Behavioural Pharmacology

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A positive relationship between the consumption of sweetened dietary substances (e.g. saccharin and sucrose) and drug abuse has been reported in both the human and other animal literature. The proposed genetic contribution to this relationship has been based on evidence from behavioral, neurobiological, and linkage studies in heterogeneous and homogeneous animal populations. Initial work in several laboratories indicated that rodents that are selected for high alcohol consumption also display an increased preference for sweets compared with low alcohol-consuming animals. More recently, Sprague-Dawley rats have been selectively bred based on high saccharin (HiS) or low saccharin (LoS) consumption, and these lines represent an ideal opportunity to determine whether a reciprocal genetic relationship exists between the consumption of sweetened substances and self-administration of drugs of abuse. The purpose of this review is to examine a series of studies on the HiS and LoS rats for drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior using laboratory animal models that represent critical phases of drug abuse in humans. The data support the hypothesis that sweet consumption and drug self-administration are closely related and genetically influenced. Other characteristics of HiS and LoS rats are discussed as possible mediators of the genetic differences such as activity, impulsivity, novelty reactivity, stress, and emotionality. The interaction of sweet preference with biological variables related to drug abuse, such as age, sex, and hormonal influences, was considered, as they may be additive vulnerability factors with consumption of sweet substances. In the studies that are discussed, the HiS and LoS lines emerge as ideal addiction-prone and addiction-resistant models, respectively, with vulnerability or resilience factors that will inform prevention and treatment strategies for drug abuse.

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Section: Stress and Emotionalitymentioning

confidence: 86%

Selective breeding for differential saccharin intake as an animal model of drug abuse

Carroll

Morgan

Anker

et al. 2008

Behavioural Pharmacology

Self Cite

108

121

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“…Selectively breeding on a taste phenotype has yielded lines that differ in emotional reactivity. Relative to HiS rats, LoS rats hyperstartle, defecate more in a novel open field, show stronger stress-induced hypoalgesia and anorexia, and are more affected by food deprivation and glucoprivation (Dess et al, 2000;Dess and Minor, 1996;VanderWeele et al, 2002); similar relationships exist in humans (Craig et al, 2003;Dess and Edelheit, 1998). Stress usually sensitizes startle, more so in the anxiety-prone RLA rats (Schwegler et al, 1997), so the most straightforward prediction regarding startle after stress is greater sensitization among LoS rats.…”

Section: Individual Difference Stress Startle Attenuation a B S T R Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced attenuation of acoustic startle in low-saccharin-consuming rats

Gonzales

Garrett

Chapman

et al. 2008

Biological Psychology

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Both heightened and attenuated stress reactivity from prior stress also have been documented in other mammals (Koolhaas et al., 2006). Milder stressors tend to attenuate later stress responses, whereas trauma tends to enhance them. However, the same stressor can affect various stress response systems differently (e.g. sympathetic versus hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, Schommer et al., 2003). Futhermore, situational and dispositional variables moderate the impact of prior stress on subsequent vulnerability (e.g., Gunnar and Vasquez, 2006; Moore et al., 2006). A useful paradigm for studying sequential stress effects in laboratory rats centers on modulation of acoustic startle amplitude. Startle is a defensive reflex, and startle testing after earlier stress constitutes a mild stressor reexposure (Commissaris et al., 2004; Cranney, 1988). Prior experimental stress, such as inescapable shock, usually sensitizes startle. Sensitization has been observed seconds (Pilz et al., 1999), minutes (Davis, 1989), and days (Servatius et al., 1995) after shock. As stressor severity increases, sensitization emerges later and lasts longer. Sensitization emerges a few minutes after ten 0.5-s, 0.6-mA footshocks and is gone within 40 min; at 1.0 or 1.4 mA, sensitization emerges in 20-30 min and is robust at 40 min (Davis, 1989). Sensitization is detectable a week after one session of forty 3-s, 2-mA tailshocks, but not until 10 days after three sessions (Servatius et al., 1995; see also Matuszewich et al., 2007). The degree to which shock sensitizes startle also varies among rats. Sprague-Dawley rats sensitize more than Wistars (Pilz et al., 1999; also see, Faraday, 2002). Using startle nonhabituation after shock as a PTSD model, Garrick et al. (2001) observed nonhabituation only in rats with low baseline startle amplitudes. Milde et al. (2003) also found sensitization after shock in a subset of rats, those with low plasma corticosterone (CORT). Compared to sensitization, stress-induced startle attenuation seems rarer and more circumscribed. Beck and Servatius (2005, 2006) observed attenuation 2 h after shock but not after restraint, and only in intact females, concluding that attenuation depends on nociception and ovarian hormones. However, Conti and Printz (2003) observed attenuated startle 24 h after restraint in males of some rat strains. Stress-attenuated startle appears to be a potentially important phenomenon in need of further study. Accounting for individual differences in stress-induced changes in startle requires approaches in which dispositional variables are well characterized. Selective breeding is such an approach: Lines are developed on a clearly operationalized phenotype, after which phenotypic correlates and functional relationships are examined. For example, Roman low (RLA) and high (RHA) avoidance rats are

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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance

2003

Flavour & Fragrance J

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In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of flavour and fragrance. Each bibliography is divided into 7 sections: 1 Flavour of food; 2 Fragrances; 3 Essential oils; 4 Food constituents; 5 Taints & off‐flavours; 6 Sensory evaluation & psychophysics; 7 Apparatus & methodology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted (12 weeks journals. Search ended 19th. Feb. 2002)

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The bitter truth: Sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicts overactivity in highly arousable female dieters

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Selective breeding for differential saccharin intake as an animal model of drug abuse

Selective breeding for differential saccharin intake as an animal model of drug abuse

Stress-induced attenuation of acoustic startle in low-saccharin-consuming rats

Current awareness in flavour and fragrance

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