The birth of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) Serendipity at the border of Lac Leman

Lamberts, H; Wood, Maurice

doi:10.1093/fampra/19.5.433

Cited by 88 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The concept of the ICPC induced a paradigm shift in family practice, away from the practitioner centred view. According to the ICPC approach, the patient's reason for seeking medical help, that is, the presentation of a health problem or disease to a health care provider, should be at the centre of the classification, rather than the diagnosis made by a medical doctor (Lamberts and Wood, 2002;Soler et al, 2008). The ICPC has a biaxial structure with 17 chapters on one axis (15 are based on body systems, one concerns psychological problems and one social problems) and 7 components on the other axis (Table 1; Miller et al, 2009): The 17 chapters are: A) General and unspecified; B) Blood, blood forming organs, lymphatics and spleen; C) Digestive; D) Eye; E) Ear; F) Circulatory; G) Musculoskeletal; H) Neurological; I) Psychological; J) Respiratory; K) Skin; L) Endocrine, metabolic and nutritional; M) Urology; N) Pregnancy, childbirth and family planning; O) Female genital system and breast; P) Male genital system; and Q) Social problems; The 7 components are: 1) Symptoms and complaints; 2) Diagnostic, screening and preventive procedures; 3) Medication, treatment and procedures; 4) Test results; 5) Administrative; 6) Referrals and other reasons for encounter; and 7) Diagnosis and diseases (Table 1; Miller et al, 2009).…”

Section: International Classification Of Primary Care (Icpc) and Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Classifying diseases and remedies in ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology

Staub

Geck

Weckerle

et al. 2015

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

162

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ethnopharmacology focuses on the understanding of local and indigenous use of medicines and therefore an emic approach is inevitable. Often, however, standard biomedical disease classifications are used to describe and analyse local diseases and remedies. Standard classifications might be a valid tool for cross-cultural comparisons and bioprospecting purposes but are not suitable to understand the local perception of disease and use of remedies. Different standard disease classification system exist but their suitability for cross-cultural comparisons of ethnomedical data has never been assessed. Depending on the research focus, (I) ethnomedical, (II) cross-cultural, and (III) bioprospecting, we provide suggestions for the use of specific classification systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyse three different standard biomedical classification systems (the International Classification of Diseases (ICD); the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (EBDCS); and the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)), and discuss their value for categorizing diseases of ethnomedical systems and their suitability for cross-cultural research in ethnopharmacology. Moreover, based on the biomedical uses of all approved plant derived biomedical drugs, we propose a biomedical therapy-based classification system as a guide for the discovery of drugs from ethnopharmacological sources. RESULTS: Widely used standards, such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) by the WHO and the Economic Botany Data Collection Standard (EBDCS) are either technically challenging due to a categorization system based on clinical examinations, which are usually not possible during field research (ICD) or lack clear biomedical criteria combining disorders and medical effects in an imprecise and confusing way (EBDCS). The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC), also accepted by the WHO, has more in common with ethnomedical reality than the ICD or the EBDCS, as the categories are designed according to patient's perceptions and are less influenced by clinical medicine. Since diagnostic tools are not required, medical ethnobotanists and ethnopharmacologists can easily classify reported symptoms and complaints with the ICPC in one of the "chapters" based on 17 body systems, psychological and social problems. Also the biomedical uses of plant-derived drugs are classifiable into 17 broad organ-and therapy-based use-categories but can easily be divided into more specific subcategories. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the research focus (I-III) we propose the following classification systems. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could aff...

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Section: International Classification Of Primary Care (Icpc) and Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Classifying diseases and remedies in ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology

Staub

Geck

Weckerle

et al. 2015

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

162

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Individuals were excluded on the basis of medical information provided by their general practitioners, which was based on a standard morbidity coding system (Lamberts & Wood, 2002), and on the basis of a semistructured medical questionnaire administered at baseline.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of cortical gray matter atrophy may be overestimated in the healthy aging brain.

et al. 2009

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Prevailing opinion holds that normal brain aging is characterized by substantial atrophy of cortical gray matter. However, this conclusion is based on earlier studies whose findings may be influenced by the inclusion of subjects with subclinical cognitive disorders like preclinical dementia. The present magnetic resonance imaging study tested this hypothesis. Cognitively healthy subjects (mean age 72 years, range 52-82) who remained cognitively stable over a 3-year period were compared to subjects with significant cognitive decline. Subjects who developed dementia within 6 years after the scan session were excluded. The gray matter volumes of seven cortical regions were delineated on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Participants without cognitive decline did not exhibit an age effect on the gray matter volume. Conversely, participants with cognitive decline exhibited a significant age effect in all the seven areas. These results suggest that cortical gray matter atrophy may have been overestimated in studies on healthy aging, since most studies were unable to exclude participants with a substantial atypical cognitive decline or preclinical dementia. Our results underscore the importance of establishing stringent inclusion criteria for future studies on normal aging.

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“…5,8,a The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) 15 is an attempt to complement ICD in the context of primary care, and is characterized by the inclusion of patients' complaints and social problems. 3 In order to ensure that comparability between its codes and those of ICD-10, ICPC underwent a revision that became known as ICPC-2. This new version has a biaxial structure: the fi rst axis is divided into chapters that comprise the organic, psychological, and social systems to which the report refer (general and nonspecifi c, blood, digestive, eye, ear, among others); the second axis presents components referring to the type of report (signals and symptoms, procedures, diagnoses, and diseases).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confiabilidade interobservador da Classificação Internacional de Cuidados Primários

Sampaio¹,

Coeli²,

Miranda³

et al. 2008

Rev. Saúde Pública

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OBJECTIVE:The International Classifi cation of Primary Care was developed as an attempt to overcome the limitations of the International Statistical Classifi cation of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision, when used for primary health care. The aim of the study was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of the International Classifi cation for Primary Care when coding reasons for health-related interruption of daily activities. METHODS:Data analyzed pertained to 801 subjects from Phase 2 of the Pró-Saúde Study, involving the employees of a Rio de Janeiro university who reported having been prevented from carrying out any of their usual activities (work, study, or leisure) for health-related reasons in the two weeks prior to data collection. Health problems reported in response to an open question were separately coded by two classifi ers. Interobserver reliability with respect to number of health problems was calculated by weighted kappa; for the remaining analyses (chapters and full codes), crude kappa coeffi cients were used. RESULTS:A total of 1,641 health problems were coded by the fi rst classifi er, and 1,629 by the second. Interobserver reliability with respect to the number of health problems coded was substantial (weighted kappa=0.94; 95% CI: 0.93;0.94). Chapter and full codes showed substantial (kappa=0.89; 95% CI: 0.88;0.90) and moderate (0.76; 95% CI: 0.76;0.78) reliability, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest that the International Classifi cation of Primary Care is adequate for the coding of health-related reasons for interruption of daily activities.

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The birth of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) Serendipity at the border of Lac Leman

Cited by 88 publications

References 6 publications

Classifying diseases and remedies in ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology

Classifying diseases and remedies in ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology

The prevalence of cortical gray matter atrophy may be overestimated in the healthy aging brain.

Confiabilidade interobservador da Classificação Internacional de Cuidados Primários

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