The Bipolar Technique in Southern Africa: A Replication Experiment

A late Middle Stone Age artifact assemblage from Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal): comparisons with the European Middle Paleolithic

“…Synonymous terms such as outils e´caille´s [80] and core-reduced pieces have been used to describe artifacts that are morphologically similar to pie`ces esquille´es, have bipolar flake removals and again are considered sometimes tools and sometimes cores [8,38]. Outils e´caille´s, so called and defined by M. Leakey, occur in the Olduvai sequence being especially common in Bed II and Bed IV [64].…”

Technical microwear and residues in identifying bipolar knapping on an anvil: experimental data

“…The technique is documented throughout the Pleistocene and continued up until the historical epoch in several parts of the world. It is a common part of the archaeological and the ethnographic records from Africa (Barham, 1987;MacCalman and Grobelaar, 1965;Masao, 1982;Robinson, 1938;Wadley, 1993), Asia (Feng, 2008;Kuijt and Rusell, 1993;Lee and Kong, 2006;Xie and Bodin, 2007), Europe (Martínez et al, 2010;Méndez, 2007;Mourre, 1996aMourre, ,b, 2004, Australia and New Guinea (Gould et al, 1971;Hayden, 1979;Sillitoe, 1982;Strathern, 1969;Watson, 1995;White, 1968;White et al, 1977), North America (Brose, 1970;Flenniken, 1981;Goodyear, 1993;Lothrop and Gramly, 1982;MacDonald, 1968;McPherron, 1967;Parry and Kelly, 1987;Shott, 1989;White, 1968;Jeske, 1992;Morice, 1893;Teit, 1900) and South America (Curtoni, 1996;Miller, 1979;Roth, 1924).…”

The visibility and invisibility of herders' kraals in southern Africa, with reference to a possible Early Contact Period Khoekhoe kraal at KFS 5, Western Cape

“…7). The analyses indicate that most of these small pebbles were smashed between hammer and anvil, a suitable method for dealing with this kind of raw material (BARHAM 1987). The resulting cores resemble pièces esquillées, and are often classified as bipolar cores (Fig.…”