The biotransformation and urinary excretion of dexamethasone in equine male castrates

Dumasia, M. C.; Houghton, E.; Moss, Michael; Chakraborty, J.

doi:10.1016/0022-4731(86)90401-2

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Dexamethasone in horses is extensively transformed after intramuscular administration 246 . This pharmacokinetic feature allied with typically low administered doses makes its detection difficult.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019

Moreira

Carmo

Pinho

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti‐doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019

Moreira

Carmo

Pinho

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Other dominant metabolites of DEXA from the human liver, based on in vitro and in vivo analyses, includes 6α-hydroxydexamethasone, 6-hydroxy-9α-fluoro-androsta-1,4-diene-11βhydroxy-16α-methyl-3,17-dione (6-hydroxy-9α-F-A), and 9α fluoro-androsta-1,4-diene-11β-hydroxy-16α-methyl-3,17-dione (9a-F-A) [53][54][55]. Dumasia et al [56] investigated the biotransformation of DEXA in castrated male horses, with the key metabolites identified as 6-hydroxydexamethasone, together with 17-oxo-dexamethasone, 20-dihydrodexamethasone, 6-hydroxy-17-oxodexamethasone, and 11-dehydrodexamethasone. Thus, the marked differences of metabolites produced by the horses compared to those from humans, based on spectra results, are strongly dependent on the transformation pathways specific to the organism type in question [53,56].…”

Section: Sources Of Dexa and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dumasia et al [56] investigated the biotransformation of DEXA in castrated male horses, with the key metabolites identified as 6-hydroxydexamethasone, together with 17-oxo-dexamethasone, 20-dihydrodexamethasone, 6-hydroxy-17-oxodexamethasone, and 11-dehydrodexamethasone. Thus, the marked differences of metabolites produced by the horses compared to those from humans, based on spectra results, are strongly dependent on the transformation pathways specific to the organism type in question [53,56].…”

Section: Sources Of Dexa and Its Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19

Musee

Kebaabetswe

Tichapondwa

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The recent outbreak of respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has led to the widespread use of therapeutics, including dexamethasone (DEXA). DEXA, a synthetic glucocorticoid, is among the widely administered drugs used to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The global COVID-19 surge in infections, consequent increasing hospitalizations, and other DEXA applications have raised concerns on eminent adverse ecological implications to aquatic ecosystems. Here, we aim to summarize published studies on DEXA occurrence, fate, and effects on organisms in natural and engineered systems as, pre-COVID, the drug has been identified as an emerging environmental contaminant. The results demonstrated a significant reduction of DEXA in wastewater treatment plants, with a small portion, including its transformation products (TPs), being released into downstream waters. Fish and crustaceans are the most susceptible species to DEXA exposure in the parts-per-billion range, suggesting potential deleterious ecological effects. However, there are data deficits on the implications of DEXA to marine and estuarine systems and wildlife. To improve DEXA management, toxicological outcomes of DEXA and formed TPs should entail long-term studies from whole organisms to molecular effects in actual environmental matrices and at realistic exposure concentrations. This can aid in striking a fine balance of saving human lives and protecting ecological integrity.

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“…Isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS) was also used to distinguish natural endogenous CoSTs from their exogenous analogues 50. But further developments in LC‐MS51–54 and LC‐MS n 55–64 with API techniques permitted significant improvements in terms of sensitivity and specificity, as well as kinetic and metabolism studies 65. The recently introduced ultra‐performance/fast liquid chromatography systems (UPLC) should be an ultimate reason for considering LC‐MS n as the actual and future standard for corticosteroid analysis.…”

Section: The Analysis Of Corticosteroids (Group B2f) With Mass Spectrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past, present and future of mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of banned substances in meat‐producing animals

et al. 2007

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A residue is a trace (µg kg −1 , ng kg −1 ) of a substance, present in a matrix. Banned substances, such as growth promoters, which are abused in animal fattening and where this article is focused on, may be divided into four major groups: thyreostats, anabolics or anabolic steroids, corticosteroids and beta-agonists or repartitioning agents. The combination of chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry (GC-MS n , LC-MS n , etc.) plays a key role in the production of specific results in residue analysis. In this review, the past, present and future of mass spectrometry in this area are discussed in the light of the impact of these substances on human health and the reliable production of analytical results, ready for challenge in a court.

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The biotransformation and urinary excretion of dexamethasone in equine male castrates

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019

Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019

Occurrence, Fate, Effects, and Risks of Dexamethasone: Ecological Implications Post-COVID-19

Past, present and future of mass spectrometry in the analysis of residues of banned substances in meat‐producing animals

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