The Biosynthesis of Rhizobial Lipo-Oligosaccharide Nodulation Single Molecules

Carlson, Russell W.; Price, N. P. J.; Stacey, Gary

doi:10.1094/mpmi-7-0684

Cited by 127 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…have been characterized, and they are known to be chitin oligomers with an N-linked fatty acyl side chain on the nonreducing glucosamine residue and various other substituents located elsewhere in the molecule [6,11]. Although there is a substantial body of evidence that these molecules trigger many of the cellular responses that lead to nodulation, structure-activity relationships are just beginning to be sorted out [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizobium fredii synthesizes an array of lipooligosaccharides, including a novel compound with glucose inserted into the backbone of the molecule

et al. 1996

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Flavonoid cues from the plant host cause symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to synthesize lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), which act as return signals to initiate the nodulation process. Rhizobium fredii strain USDA257 is known to produce four LCOs, all substituted with vaccenic acid (Cml). We show here that a mutant strain can replace vaccenic acid with a C16:0 side chain, and that strain USDA191 synthesizes additional LCOs that differ from one another in the length and unsaturation of their fatty acyl substituents. USDA191 and 257DH4 both produce a novel LCO with glucose substituted for N-acetyl-nglucosamine in the backbone of the molecule.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizobium fredii synthesizes an array of lipooligosaccharides, including a novel compound with glucose inserted into the backbone of the molecule

et al. 1996

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“…Although extensive studies have been conducted on a number of Nod factors and the nod genes that encode the enzymes involved in their synthesis (Carlson et al, 1995;Dénarié et al, 1996;Long, 1996), little is known about the ability of the plant to perceive these signals. Several studies suggest the existence of multiple receptors that differ from one another in stringency of recognition and may trigger different response pathways (Ardourel et al, 1994;Felle et al, 1996;Minami et al, 1996a).…”

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confidence: 99%

Localization of a Nod Factor-Binding Protein in Legume Roots and Factors Influencing Its Distribution and Expression

Kalsi

Etzler

2000

Plant Physiology

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The roots of the legume Dolichos biflorus contain a lectin/nucleotide phosphohydrolase (Db-LNP) that binds to the Nod factor signals produced by rhizobia that nodulate this plant. In this study we show that Db-LNP is differentially distributed along the surface of the root axis in a pattern that correlates with the zone of nodulation of the root. Db-LNP is present on the surface of young and emerging root hairs and redistributes to the tips of the root hairs in response to treatment of the roots with a rhizobial symbiont or with a carbohydrate ligand. This redistribution does not occur in response to a non-symbiotic rhizobial strain or a root pathogen. Db-LNP is also present in the root pericycle where its level decreases upon initiation of nodule formation. Maximum levels of Db-LNP are found in 2-d-old roots, and the expression of this root protein is increased when the plants are grown in the absence of NO 3 Ϫ and NH 4 ϩ . These results support the possibility that Db-LNP is involved in the initiation of the Rhizobium legume symbiosis.

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“…Nod factors consist of a tetra-or pentameric N-acetylglucosamine backbone with a fatty acyl chain at the nonreducing terminal sugar moiety. Substituents at the terminal sugar residues and the structure of the acyl chain determine the differences in biological activity and host specificity (for review, see Carlson et al, 1994).The role of Nod factor structure in host specificity is exemplified as follows: alfalfa (Medicago sativa) belongs to the cross-inoculation group that can be nodulated by Rhi- zobium meliloti, which produces Nod factors with a sulfate group at the reducing sugar (Lerouge et al, 1990). In contrast, pea (Pisum sativum) is nodulated by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae, which produces Nod factors that lack a substitution at that position (Spaink et al, 1991).…”

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Sym2 of Pea Is Involved in a Nodulation Factor-Perception Mechanism That Controls the Infection Process in the Epidermis

et al. 1997

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Since the induction of the early nodulin gene FNODl2 in the epidermis and the formation of a nodule primordium in the inner cortex were not affected, we conclude that more than one Nod factor-perception mechanism is active. Furthermore, we show that symp-mediated control of infection-thread growth was affected by the bacterial nodulation gene nodO.Rhizobium bacteria have the ability to induce a developmental process in the root of leguminous plants that results in the formation of a new organ, the root nodule. These new organs create the environment in which the bacteria fix nitrogen to ammonia, which can subsequently be utilized by the plant.The symbiotic interaction of Rhizobium sp. bacteria and leguminous plants is set in motion by the exchange of signal molecules. Plant-excreted flavonoids induce the expression of bacterial nodulation (nod) genes, which are responsible for the synthesis of specific lipochitin oligosaccharides, named Nod factors (Lerouge et al., 1990;Spaink et al., 1991). Nod factors consist of a tetra-or pentameric N-acetylglucosamine backbone with a fatty acyl chain at the nonreducing terminal sugar moiety. Substituents at the terminal sugar residues and the structure of the acyl chain determine the differences in biological activity and host specificity (for review, see Carlson et al., 1994).The role of Nod factor structure in host specificity is exemplified as follows: alfalfa (Medicago sativa) belongs to the cross-inoculation group that can be nodulated by Rhi- zobium meliloti, which produces Nod factors with a sulfate group at the reducing sugar (Lerouge et al., 1990). In contrast, pea (Pisum sativum) is nodulated by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae, which produces Nod factors that lack a substitution at that position (Spaink et al., 1991). When the host-specificity genes nodH, nodP, and nodQ, which are responsible for the sulfation of the Nod factors in R. meliloti, are introduced into R. leguminosarum bv viciae these bacteria can now induce noninfected, nodule-like structures on alfalfa but concomitantly lose their ability to nodulate pea and vetch (Faucher et al

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The Biosynthesis of Rhizobial Lipo-Oligosaccharide Nodulation Single Molecules

Cited by 127 publications

References 0 publications

Rhizobium fredii synthesizes an array of lipooligosaccharides, including a novel compound with glucose inserted into the backbone of the molecule

Rhizobium fredii synthesizes an array of lipooligosaccharides, including a novel compound with glucose inserted into the backbone of the molecule

Localization of a Nod Factor-Binding Protein in Legume Roots and Factors Influencing Its Distribution and Expression

Sym2 of Pea Is Involved in a Nodulation Factor-Perception Mechanism That Controls the Infection Process in the Epidermis

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