The Biosynthesis and Interconversion of Purines and Their Derivatives1

Moat, Albert G.; Friedman, Herman

doi:10.1128/mmbr.24.3.309-339.1960

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The results obtained agree with those of Pomper (1952) and fit in well with current concepts of the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides from phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) and their interconversion (Magasanik and Karibian, 1960;Moat and Friedman, 1960;Fig. 5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Nutrition of “Adenineless” Auxotrophs of Yeasts

Demain

1964

J Bacteriol

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Nutritional studies on 29 "adenineless" yeast strains were carried out. In no case could guanine, xanthine, or their ribonucleosides or ribonucleotides be used to satisfy the purine requirement. The cultures fell into three nutritional groups: group A, absolute purine requirement satisfied by adenine or hypoxanthine; group B, stimulatory purine requirement (leaky) satisfied by adenine or hypoxanthine; group C, absolute purine requirement satisfied only by adenine. Although adenosine, adenylic acid (AMP), inosine, and inosinic acid (IMP) could not be used by the absolute mutants, the leaky mutants were stimulated by these compounds. The rapid growth on adenine observed with members of all three nutritional groups was delayed by guanine. No inhibition was observed with guanosine or guanylic acid (GMP). Guanine and its derivatives did not inhibit growth of wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The slow growth of the leaky mutants in unsupplemented medium was inhibited by guanine, guanosine, and GMP. The results were interpreted as follows. (i) Yeasts lack GMP-reductase. (ii) Group A and B yeasts are blocked before IMP; group C yeasts lack one of the enzymes leading from IMP to AMP. (iii) The absolute mutants cannot take ribonucleotides or ribonucleosides into the cell and cannot break down these compounds extracellularly to the free base; the leaky mutants can slowly use extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides. (iv) Guanine competes with adenine for entry into the cell. (v) Guanine inhibits de novo synthesis of AMP. The inhibition is probably a weak feedback effect which can only be demonstrated with leaky strains which synthesize purines at suboptimal rates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Nutrition of “Adenineless” Auxotrophs of Yeasts

Demain

1964

J Bacteriol

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“…Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase is an enzyme encoded by the PPAT gene, and GPAT is the first limiting enzyme in the purine biosynthesis pathway (Moat & Friedman ; Koenigsknecht et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic analysis of genes in the nitrogen recycling pathway of meat‐type chickens divergently selected for feed efficiency

et al. 2013

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The understanding of the dynamics of ammonia detoxification and excretion in uricotelic species is lagging behind ureotelic species. The relative expression of genes involved in nitrogen recycling and feed efficiency in chickens is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the transcriptomics differences in key genes in the nitrogen (N) metabolism and purine biosynthesis pathway in a chicken population divergently selected for low (LRFI) or high (HRFI) residual feed intake at days 35 and 42 using duodenum, liver, pectoralis major (P. major) and kidney. There was a significant positive correlation between RFI and fecal N. The purine salvage pathway was activated in the LRFI compared with HRFI at days 42. The birds in the LRFI population attained greater feed efficiency by having lower FI, increasing their protein retention and producing adequate glutamine to maintain growth compared with the HRFI line. To maintain growth, excess N is deaminated mostly to generate purine nucleotides. Generating purine nucleotides primarily from the purine biosynthesis pathway is energetically costly, and to preserve energy, they preferentially generate nucleotides from the purine salvage pathway. The LRFI birds need to generate sufficient nucleotides to maintain growth despite reduced FI that then results in reduced fecal N.

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“…The only parameter measured in this work for which different results were obtained in the isolated perfused liver and in vivo was the α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity (Figure ). This enzyme participates in both the regulation of carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the liver besides being a probable redox sensor . It is impossible to infer about the significance of the observed modifications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conditions for de novo synthesis are given even in the perfused liver. Synthesis of adenine mononucleotides requires glucose (as a source of ribose 5′‐phosphate) and amino acids . Even in the substrate‐free perfused liver, an increased supply of glucosyl units was available because of the enhanced glycogenolysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actions of p‐synephrine on hepatic enzyme activities linked to carbohydrate metabolism and ATP levels in vivo and in the perfused rat liver

Maldonado

Bracht

Sá‐Nakanishi

et al. 2017

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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p-Synephrine is one of the main active components of the fruit of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange).Extracts of the bitter orange and other preparations containing p-synephrine have been used worldwide to promote weight loss and for sports performance. The purpose of the study was to measure the action of p-synephrine on hepatic enzyme activities linked to carbohydrate and energy metabolism and the levels of adenine mononucleotides. Enzymes and adenine mononucleotides were measured in the isolated perfused rat liver and in vivo after oral administration of the drug (50 and 300 mg/kg) by using standard techniques. p-Synephrine increased the activity of glycogen phosphorylase in vivo and in the perfused liver. It decreased, however, the activities of pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase also in vivo and in the perfused liver.p-Synephrine increased the hepatic pools of adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate.Stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase is consistent with the reported increased glycogenolysis in the perfused liver and increased glycemia in rats. The decrease in the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity indicates that p-synephrine is potentially capable of inhibiting the transformation of carbohydrates into lipids. The capability of increasing the adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate pool indicates a beneficial effect of p-synephrine on the cellular energetics. KEYWORDS liver metabolism, metabolic effectors, natural protoalkaloids, sport performance, weight loss effect

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The Biosynthesis and Interconversion of Purines and Their Derivatives1

Abstract: It is regrettable that the volume of published work has precluded direct reference to the many authors whose works have bearing on the biosynthesis and interconversion of purines.

Cited by 18 publications

References 61 publications

Nutrition of “Adenineless” Auxotrophs of Yeasts

Nutrition of “Adenineless” Auxotrophs of Yeasts

Transcriptomic analysis of genes in the nitrogen recycling pathway of meat‐type chickens divergently selected for feed efficiency

Actions of p‐synephrine on hepatic enzyme activities linked to carbohydrate metabolism and ATP levels in vivo and in the perfused rat liver

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