The biosynthesis and genetic engineering of bioactive indole alkaloids in plants

Novel Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Levulinic Acid and 1,4-Butanediol as an Extraction Media for Bioactive Alkaloid Rutaecarpine

“…Alkaloids are defined by the presence of a heterocyclic nitrogen atom, and have been increasingly attracting pharmaceutical researchers to develop therapeutic agents as lead compounds [1][2][3]. Indole alkaloids are characterized by the presence of a structural moiety of indole, and have been extensively studied as they possess important biological properties such as antihypertension [4], antihistamine [5], anticonvulsant [6], anti-leishmanial [7], antidiabetic [8], anti-HIV-1, anti-inflammatory [9], anticancer [10], and antibacterial activities [11]. They are present in several plant families as secondary metabolites, including the Strychnaceae, Apocynaceae, Rutaceae, and Rubiaceae [10].…”

“…Indole alkaloids are characterized by the presence of a structural moiety of indole, and have been extensively studied as they possess important biological properties such as antihypertension [4], antihistamine [5], anticonvulsant [6], anti-leishmanial [7], antidiabetic [8], anti-HIV-1, anti-inflammatory [9], anticancer [10], and antibacterial activities [11]. They are present in several plant families as secondary metabolites, including the Strychnaceae, Apocynaceae, Rutaceae, and Rubiaceae [10]. Rutaecarpine is an indolopyridoquinazolinone alkaloid with diverse biological activities which is one of the main components isolated from the unripe fruits of the traditional Chinese medicine Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Jussieu) T. G. Hartley (synonym: Euodia ruticarpa) ( Figure 1) [12][13][14][15].…”

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“…The enzyme involved in the synthesis of ajmalicine is decarboxylase. [104] Serpentine Serpentine is an inhibitor of topoisomerase (Type II) and has antipsychotic properties. For oxidation of ajmalicine to ajmalicine, an enzyme (PER) peroxidase [105] is responsible for it by catalyzing bisindole alkaloid localized in the vacuole.…”

Regulation of the Ras-Related Signaling Pathway by Small Molecules Containing an Indole Core Scaffold: A Potential Antitumor Therapy

“…Indole is widely found in cruciferous plants and bacteria, and several indole derivatives are closely related to life activities. It plays important roles as an interspecies and interkingdom signaling pathway molecule in a wide range of antiinflammatory and antitumor activities, with minimal side effects and strong selectivity (Järvisalo and Saris, 1975;Banerjee et al, 2011;Chripkova et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2016;Patil et al, 2016;Okada et al, 2017;Singh et al, 2017;Yang et al, 2017;Yu C. P. et al, 2017;Hashmi et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2018). Popular active natural and synthetic indole derivatives have been discovered and investigated (Figure 2; Hurdle et al, 2004;Watanabe et al, 2011;White et al, 2012;Nalamachu and Wortmann, 2014;Montserratde la Paz et al, 2016;Yu H. et al, 2017;Haque et al, 2018).…”