The Biomodified Lignin Platform: A Review

Fabbri, Filippo; Bischof, Sabrina; Mayr, Sebastian A; Gritsch, Sebastian M.; Bartolome, Miguel Jimenez; Schwaiger, Nikolaus; Guebitz, Georg M.; Weiß, Renate

doi:10.3390/polym15071694

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 251 publications

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“…( B ) Scheme of the proposed electrophilic aromatic substitutions of coniferyl alcohol with 5-HMF. This is based on information from literature [ 23 ]. The figure was drawn by one of this paper authors and coniferyl alcohol is used here solely to depict the Guaiacol unit of lignin.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Fully Biobased Adhesives: Sustainable Kraft Lignin and 5-HMF Adhesive for Particleboards

Dorn,

Thirion,

Ghorbani

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Most adhesives used in the wood-based panel (WBP) industry are petroleum-based and are associated with environmental impact and price fluctuations. Furthermore, most have potential adverse health impacts, such as formaldehyde emissions. This has led to interest from the WBP industry in developing adhesives with bio-based and/or non-hazardous components. This research focuses on the replacement of phenol-formaldehyde resins by Kraft lignin for phenol substitution and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) for formaldehyde substitution. Resin development and optimization was carried out regarding varying parameters such as molar ratio, temperature or pH. The adhesive properties were analyzed using a rheometer, gel timer and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The bonding performances were evaluated using an Automated Bonding Evaluation System (ABES). Particleboards were produced using a hot press, and their internal bond strength (IB) was evaluated according to SN EN 319. Hardening of the adhesive could be achieved at low temperatures by increasing or decreasing the pH. The most promising results were obtained at pH 13.7. The adhesive performances were improved by adding filler and extender (up to 28.6% based on dry resin) and several boards were produced reaching P1 requirements. A particleboard achieved a mean IB of 0.29 N/mm2, almost reaching almost P2 requirements. However, adhesive reactivity and strength must be improved for industrial use.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Fully Biobased Adhesives: Sustainable Kraft Lignin and 5-HMF Adhesive for Particleboards

Dorn,

Thirion,

Ghorbani

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…Other methods, such as hydrolysis/fractionation using hot water, dilute acid, and alkaline and organic solvents, are being utilized on a smaller scale ( Zakzeski et al, 2010 ; Zhao and Abu-Omar, 2021 ). In active research, the focus is on using enzymes and developing biorefinery processes ( Bornscheuer et al, 2014 ; Fabbri et al, 2023 ). For environmentally friendlier processes, soda pulping and organosolv (OS) extraction can be proposed, where the lignin obtained is sulfur-free.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of lignin-derived carbon aerogels

Jõul,

Järvik,

Lees

et al. 2024

Front. Chem.

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Lignin is considered a valuable renewable resource for building new chemicals and materials, particularly resins and polymers. The aromatic nature of lignin suggests a synthetic route for synthesizing organic aerogels (AGs) similar to the aqueous polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde (FA). The structure and reactivity of lignin largely depend on the severity of the isolation method used, which challenges the development of new organic and carbon materials. Resorcinol aerogels are considered a source of porous carbon material, while lignin-based aerogels also possess great potential for the development of carbon materials, having a high carbon yield with a high specific surface area and microporosity. In the present study, the birch hydrolysis lignin and organosolv lignin extracted from pine were used to prepare AGs with formaldehyde, with the addition of 5-methylresorcinol in the range of 75%–25%, yielding monolithic mesoporous aerogels with a relatively high specific surface area of up to 343.4 m2/g. The obtained lignin-based AGs were further used as raw materials for the preparation of porous carbon aerogels (CAs) under well-controlled pyrolysis conditions with the morphology, especially porosity and the specific surface area, being dependent on the origin of lignin and its content in the starting material.

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“…Therefore, the utilization of lignin is an important problem today. According to a recent research report, the combined annual growth rate of the lignin market (CAGR) is 2.2% [8]. There are several methods for extracting lignin from biomass: alkali treatment [9], oxidation [10], organosolvent processes [11], biological purification [12], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Lignin/PAN Fibers from Sawdust

Nazhipkyzy,

Maltay,

Lesbayev

et al. 2024

Fibers

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Carbon nanofibers based on lignin from wood waste have a promising potential for the ability to produce electrodes that can modernize existing energy storage technology. The most important detail is that the low cost, as well as the availability of the initial products for the production of lignin, will reduce the cost of energy storage devices and contribute to improving the environment. In this study, pine sawdust and elm sawdust were used as raw materials for the production of lignin, which accumulate in large quantities in metal workshops in Almaty. Lignin extraction was carried out using an organosolvent method, which is environmentally friendly, low-cost, uses minimal amounts of strong acids and metal catalysts, does not pollute water, and does not emit sulfur dioxide (SO2). A comprehensive study of the characteristics of the obtained lignins from wood waste was carried out. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) revealed that the obtained lignin contains aromatic, phenolic, hydroxyl, methyl, and methoxyl groups. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed the presence of a high number of syringyl (S) links compared to guaiacyl (G), which contribute to increased efficiency in the thermal processing of lignin. Also, this study investigated the use of the obtained lignins to produce continuous fibers by electrospinning. The effect of lignin mass on the viscosity of the lignin/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution and the effect of the carbonization temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics of the lignin/PAN solution were investigated. The following research methods were used for this purpose: Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electron scanning microscopy, energy dispersion analysis, IR, NMR, and optical microscopy. The conditions for the production of lignin-containing carbon fibers at temperatures of 800, 900, and the carbonation heating rate, is an important parameter in the production of carbon fibers as it strongly affects the characteristics of the resulting carbon fibers. The heating rate affects were studied, and it was found that, at a heating rate of 5 °C/min and a carbonation temperature of 800 °C, porous carbon nanofibers with a diameter of 47 nm are formed in a nitrogen medium for 60 min.

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The Biomodified Lignin Platform: A Review

Cited by 13 publications

References 251 publications

Exploring Fully Biobased Adhesives: Sustainable Kraft Lignin and 5-HMF Adhesive for Particleboards

Exploring Fully Biobased Adhesives: Sustainable Kraft Lignin and 5-HMF Adhesive for Particleboards

Preparation and characterization of lignin-derived carbon aerogels

Synthesis of Lignin/PAN Fibers from Sawdust

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