The Biomechanics of Human Ribs: Material and Structural Properties from Dynamic Tension and Bending Tests

Kemper, Andrew R.; McNally, Craig; Pullins, Clayton A.; Freeman, Laura J.; Duma, Stefan M.; Rouhana, Stephen W.

doi:10.4271/2007-22-0011

Cited by 66 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Also from a series of rib cortical bone coupon tests, Subit et al (2011) found an average ultimate tensile stress of 124.6 MPa. The first principal strain at 50% risk of rib fracture at the NFR2+ level obtained in the current study was 1.92%, which also compares favourably with the average ultimate strain of 1.05% reported by Subit et al (2011), and with the 2.6 reported by (Kemper et al, 2005(Kemper et al, , 2007. In conclusion, the stress and strain results at 50% risk of NFR2+ in this study are similar to the average stress and strain values in previous studies on human cortical bone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

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Construction and evaluation of thoracic injury risk curves for a finite element human body model in frontal car crashes

Mendoza-Vazquez

Davidsson

Brolin

2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This value is also comparable to the values reported in the literature. The average ultimate tensile stress in coupon tests of rib cortical bone reported by Kemper et al (2005Kemper et al ( , 2007 was 127.5 MPa. Also from a series of rib cortical bone coupon tests, Subit et al (2011) found an average ultimate tensile stress of 124.6 MPa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Construction and evaluation of thoracic injury risk curves for a finite element human body model in frontal car crashes

Mendoza-Vazquez

Davidsson

Brolin

2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…11,25,33,47 There has only been one study to the authors' knowledge that has quantified rib fracture timing during frontal belt loading with the use of thoracic strain gages. 11 Duma et al 11 quantified rib fracture timing and corresponding injury timing during dynamic shoulder belt loading on PMHSs using a custom table-top belt loader with a flat rigid back support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Dynamic tension and threepoint bending tests on isolated human rib cortical bone coupons have been conducted by researchers in order to quantify the material and failure properties of human ribs. 24,25,45 The structural response of human ribs, which is a function of both the material properties and geometry, has been investigated by numerous authors by performing component level testing on rib sections in three-point bending. 6,16,25,41,43,51 Other studies have investigated the structural response of individual whole ribs in dynamic anterior-posterior loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24,25,45 The structural response of human ribs, which is a function of both the material properties and geometry, has been investigated by numerous authors by performing component level testing on rib sections in three-point bending. 6,16,25,41,43,51 Other studies have investigated the structural response of individual whole ribs in dynamic anterior-posterior loading. 4,34 The data from these studies provide insight into the tolerance of human ribs and critical data required to locally validate finite element models (FEMs) of the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reducing Chest Injuries in Automobile Collisions: Rib Fracture Timing and Implications for Thoracic Injury Criteria

et al. 2011

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The purpose of this study was to quantify the biomechanical response of the human thorax during dynamic shoulder belt loading representative of that seen in a severe automotive collision. Two post-mortem human surrogates (PMHSs) (one male and one female) were instrumented with 26 single-axis strain gages on the ribs, sternum, and clavicle. The thorax of each PMHS was placed on a custom spine support bracket designed to support the thorax on either side of the spinous process, thereby allowing free motion at the costovertebral joints. In addition, the support bracket raised the thorax above the flat base plate, which could otherwise constrain the deformation and motion of the posterior region of the rib cage. The thorax of each PMHS was then loaded using a custom table-top belt loading system that generated thoracic displacement rates representative of a severe automotive collision, 1.3 m/s for the male PMHS and 1.0 m/s for the female PMHS. The rib fracture timing data, determined by analyzing the strain gage time histories, showed that severe thoracic injury (AIS = 3) occurred at 16% chest compression for the male and 12% chest compression for the female. However, these values are well below the current thoracic injury criteria of 29% chest compression for the male and 23% chest compression for the female. This data illustrates that serious thoracic injury (AIS = 3) occurs at lower chest compressions than the current ATD thoracic injury criteria. Overall, this study provides critical data that can be used in the design and validation of advanced ATDs and finite element models, as well as the establishment of improved, more stringent thoracic injury criteria.

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Use of backscattered scanning electron microscopy to quantify the bone tissues of mid‐thoracic human ribs

Beresheim

Pfeiffer

Grynpas

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Novel information on apartheid health conditions may be obtained through the study of recent skeletal collections. Using a backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM) approach, this study aims to produce bone quality and tissue mineralization data for an understudied South African population from the Western Cape province.Methods: Using BSE-SEM imaging, cortical porosity (Ct.Po), osteocyte lacunar density (Ot.Lc. Dn), and the degree of tissue mineralization were quantified in mid-thoracic ribs from the Kirsten Skeletal Collection. Individuals ( n female = 75, n male = 68, and mean age = 46.3 years)were predominantly from the South Africa Colored (SAC) population group ( n SAC = 103, 72%).Full cross-sectional images of each rib were manually stitched together in Adobe Photoshop.Photomontages were imported into MATALB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) for image processing and analysis. Age-related changes in histomorphometric parameters and sex differences were examined using correlation analysis, as well as linear and nonlinear regressions.Results: Young adult men have significantly less mineralized bone and fewer osteocyte lacunae, compared to women. Only men demonstrate a significant negative relationship between Ot.Lc.Dn and age. Average tissue mineralization decreases with age in women, while Ct.Po increases.Pore area (Po.Ar) does not vary with age, but pore density (Po.Dn) is highest in the perimenopause, when accelerated rates of bone turnover are first anticipated. Ct.Po is highest in the years following the predicted age of menopause, but levels off in the final decades of life.Conclusions: Men and women display disparate patterns of bone aging. Systemic disenfranchisement of non-white population groups affected bone health in South Africa, and may continue to do so today. Indicators of poor bone quality are evident in the full study sample, indicating that osteoporosis and fracture risk are not just of concern to the aged white female population. K E Y W O R D Sbone histomorphometry, BSE-SEM, osteoporosis, South African apartheid

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The Biomechanics of Human Ribs: Material and Structural Properties from Dynamic Tension and Bending Tests

Cited by 66 publications

References 22 publications

Construction and evaluation of thoracic injury risk curves for a finite element human body model in frontal car crashes

Construction and evaluation of thoracic injury risk curves for a finite element human body model in frontal car crashes

Reducing Chest Injuries in Automobile Collisions: Rib Fracture Timing and Implications for Thoracic Injury Criteria

Use of backscattered scanning electron microscopy to quantify the bone tissues of mid‐thoracic human ribs

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