The biomechanics of concussion for ice hockey head impact events

Post, Andrew; Hoshizaki, T. Blaine; Karton, Clara; Clark, J. Michio; Dawson, Lauren; Cournoyer, Janie; Taylor, K T; Oeur, Anna; Gilchrist, Michael D.; Cusimano, Michael D.

doi:10.1080/10255842.2019.1577827

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Promising research is ongoing that combines multi-camera-angle video recordings to create impact models to estimate the biomechanics of injury. 33 , 34 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subconcussive brain vital signs changes predict head-impact exposure in ice hockey players

Fickling

Smith

Stuart

et al. 2021

Brain Communications

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The brain vital signs framework is a portable, objective, neurophysiological evaluation of brain function at point-of-care. We investigated brain vital signs at pre- and post-season for age 14 or under (Bantam) and age 16–20 (Junior-A) male ice hockey players to (i) further investigate previously published brain vital sign results showing subconcussive cognitive deficits and (ii) validate these findings through comparison with head-impact data obtained from instrumented accelerometers. With a longitudinal study design, 23 male ice hockey players in Bantam (n = 13; age 13.63 ± 0.62) and Tier II Junior-A (n = 10; age 18.62 ± 0.86) divisions were assessed at pre- and post-season. None were diagnosed with a concussion during the season. Cognitive evoked potential measures of Auditory sensation (N100), Basic attention (P300) and Cognitive processing (N400) were analysed as changes in peak amplitudes and latencies (six standard scores total). A regression analysis examined the relationship between brain vital signs and the number of head impacts received during the study season. Significant pre/post differences in brain vital signs were detected for both groups. Bantam and Junior-A players also differed in number of head impacts (Bantam: 32.92 ± 17.68; Junior-A: 195.00 ± 61.08; P < 0.001). Importantly, the regression model demonstrated a significant linear relationship between changes in brain vital signs and total head impacts received (R = 0.799, P = 0.007), with clear differences between the Bantam and Junior-A groups. In the absence of a clinically diagnosed concussion, the brain vital sign changes appear to have demonstrated the compounding effects of repetitive subconcussive impacts. The findings underscored the importance of an objective physiological measure of brain function along the spectrum of concussive impacts.

show abstract

“…Promising research is ongoing that combines multi-camera-angle video recordings to create impact models to estimate the biomechanics of injury. 33 , 34 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subconcussive brain vital signs changes predict head-impact exposure in ice hockey players

Fickling

Smith

Stuart

et al. 2021

Brain Communications

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The head kinematics and brain tissue thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports was found to be within the range of concussive thresholds previously identified for other sports. 15,27,28 Despite similarities with reported head kinematic concussive thresholds in literature, a unique combination of concussive head kinematic thresholds that are specific to equestrian sports was found. Rotational velocity thresholds were similar to those reported for American football and Australian rules football and rugby, while the linear acceleration threshold was at the lower end of reported thresholds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Proposed injury thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports

Clark

Adanty

Post

et al. 2020

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: Equestrian helmets are designed to pass certification standards based on linear drop tests onto rigid steel surfaces. However, concussions in equestrian sports occur most commonly when a rider is thrown off a horse and obliquely impacts a compliant surface such as turf or sand. This paper seeks to elucidate the mechanics of such impacts and thereby propose corresponding thresholds for the occurrence of concussion that can improve equestrian helmet standards and designs. Design: The present study examined the biomechanics of real-world equestrian accidents and developed thresholds for the occurrence of concussive injury. Methods: Twenty-five concussive and 25 non-concussive falls in equestrian sports were reconstructed using a combination of video analysis, computational and physical reconstruction methods. These represented male and female accidents from horse racing and the crosscountry phase of eventing. Results: The resulting thresholds for concussion [59 g, 2700 rad/s 2 , 28 rad/s, 0.24 (MPS), 6.6 kPa and 0.27 (CSMD 10) for 50% risk] were consistent with those reported in the literature and represent a unique combination of head kinematic thresholds compared to other sports. Current equestrian helmet standards commonly use a threshold of 250 g and a linear drop to a steel anvil resulting in less than 15 ms impacts. This investigation found that concussive equestrian accidents occurred from oblique impacts to turf or sand with lower magnitude and longer duration impacts (<130 g and >20 ms). This suggests that current equestrian helmet standards may not adequately represent real-world concussive impact conditions and, consequently, there is an urgent need to assess the protective capacity of equestrian helmets under real-world conditions.

show abstract

“…Both measures fall far above reported values resulting in concussion in ice hockey. 18 The high average velocity (4.8 m/s) of head to ice impacts observed in this study with the addition of the low compliant surface of the ice, may be the reason for high magnitudes of dynamic response. 19 Although not frequent, these high values demonstrate the continued need for hockey helmets to be developed to protect against falls to the ice, as this is a high-risk event for concussion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…These players are highly skilled and may have learnt to protect themselves better over time than high school and collegiate players. In contrast, men's professional players sustain concussion primarily via shoulder to head impacts accounting for 53% of concussions, 17,18 which is likely a result of allowing body checking in men's hockey. Head to ice impacts only represented a low proportion of head impacts but resulted in significantly higher peak resultant linear acceleration and peak resultant rotational acceleration when compared to head to board and shoulder to head impacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frequency of head impact events observed in this study is much lower than what is seen for professional men's hockey players. 17,18 This suggests that the difference in prevalence of concussion and recovery may not be related to how the game is played but may be due to internal factors such as willingness to report injury. While elite men's ice hockey is a full-time job for the players, women who participate in ice hockey at the elite level are typically not paid as well as the men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Risk of head injury associated with distinct head impact events in elite women's hockey

Kosziwka

Champoux

Cournoyer

et al. 2021

Journal of Concussion

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Head injuries are a major health concern for sport participants as 90% of emergency department visits for sport-related brain injuries are concussion related.1 Recently, reports have shown a higher incidence of sport-related concussion in female athletes compared to males.3 Few studies have described the events by which concussions occur in women's hockey,2,7,8 however a biomechanical analysis of the risk of concussion has not yet been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the highest risk concussive events in elite women's hockey and characterize these events through reconstructions to identify the associated levels of peak linear and angular acceleration and strain from finite element analysis. 44 head impact events were gathered from elite women's hockey game video and analyzed for impact event, location and velocity. In total, 27 distinct events based on impact event, location and velocity were reconstructed using a hybrid III headform and various testing setups to obtain dynamic response and brain tissue response. A three-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the influence of event, location and velocity. The results of this study show that head- to-ice impacts resulted in significantly higher responses compared to shoulder-to- head collisions and head-to boards impacts however, shoulder and boards impacts were more frequent. All events produced responses comparable to proposed concussion threshold values.21 This research demonstrates the importance of considering the event, the impact characteristics, the magnitude of response, and the frequency of these impacts when attempting to capture the short and long term risks of brain trauma in women's hockey.

show abstract

The biomechanics of concussion for ice hockey head impact events

Cited by 32 publications

References 34 publications

Subconcussive brain vital signs changes predict head-impact exposure in ice hockey players

Subconcussive brain vital signs changes predict head-impact exposure in ice hockey players

Proposed injury thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports

Risk of head injury associated with distinct head impact events in elite women's hockey

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About