The Biomechanical and Biochemical Properties of Swine Tendons — Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Digital Extensors

Woo, Savio L‐Y.; Ritter, Merrill A.; Amiel, David; Sanders, T. M.; Gomez, Mark A.; Kuei, S. C.; Garfin, S. R.; Akeson, Wayne H.

doi:10.3109/03008208009152109

Cited by 292 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Athletic training, for instance, can trigger tendon tissue adaptation [1][2][3], whereas repetitive overloading and overuse can induce progressive microstructural damage which causes mechanical fatigue [4,5]. An absence of physiological mechanical stimulation leads to atrophy and degradation of tissue mechanical properties [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collagen network strengthening following cyclic tensile loading

et al. 2016

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The bulk mechanical properties of tissues are highly tuned to the physiological loads they experience and reflect the hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of their constituent parts. A thorough understanding of the processes involved in tissue adaptation is required to develop multi-scale computational models of tissue remodelling. While extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is partly due to the changing cellular metabolic activity, there may also be mechanically directed changes in ECM nano/microscale organization which lead to mechanical tuning. The thermal and enzymatic stability of collagen, which is the principal load-bearing biopolymer in vertebrates, have been shown to be enhanced by force suggesting that collagen has an active role in ECM mechanical properties. Here, we ask how changes in the mechanical properties of a collagen-based material are reflected by alterations in the micro/nanoscale collagen network following cyclic loading. Surprisingly, we observed significantly higher tensile stiffness and ultimate tensile strength, roughly analogous to the effect of work hardening, in the absence of network realignment and alterations to the fibril area fraction. The data suggest that mechanical loading induces stabilizing changes internal to the fibrils themselves or in the fibril–fibril interactions. If such a cell-independent strengthening effect is operational in vivo , then it would be an important consideration in any multiscale computational approach to ECM growth and remodelling.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collagen network strengthening following cyclic tensile loading

et al. 2016

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“…Judging from these EMG studies, it is unlikely that the biceps is hyperactive in patients with rotator cuff tears. It has been reported that CSA of the tendon increased with hypertrophy of the muscle in response to training (Woo et al 1980). If hypertrophy of the LHB tendon was due to hyperactivity or overuse of the biceps muscle, we should be able to observe not only hypertrophy of the LHB tendon but also hypertrophy of the LHB muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cross-sectional area of the tendon and the muscle of the biceps brachii in shoulders with rotator cuff tears

et al. 2005

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Background The intraarticular portion of the long head of the biceps tendon is often widened in shoulders with cuff tears. It is unclear whether this is a local phenomen or is caused by muscle hypertrophy.Methods We investigated morphological changes of the biceps brachii in 14 embalmed shoulders: 7 with intact rotator cuff and 7 with rotator cuff tears.We measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the tendon of the long head of the biceps (LHB) at 9 levels between the glenoid origin and the musculotendinous junction. The muscle volume and the muscle fiber length of the long and short heads of the biceps were measured to calculate the physiological CSA (PCSA) by dividing the volume by the fiber length.Results The CSA of the LHB tendon at the entrance to the bicipital groove was greater in cuff tear shoulders than in normal shoulders. The PCSA of the biceps was similar in normal and cuff tear shoulders.Interpretation Hypertrophy of the LHB tendon appears to be a localized morphological change near the entrance to the bicipital groove.

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“…This tendon is highly susceptible to injury, accounting for 93% of all tendon and ligament injuries in a study by Ely et al (15) and thus can be used as a "natural" model to study tendon development and degeneration (51). The common digital extensor tendon (CDET) in contrast is a good example of a positional tendon analogous to the anterior tibialis in the human (3,62).…”

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Can exercise modulate the maturation of functionally different immature tendons in the horse?

Kasashima

Takahashi²,

Birch³

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Tendons can be considered in two functional groups, those contributing to energetics of locomotion and those acting solely to position the limb. The energy-storing tendons in both human and equine athletes have a high frequency of injury with similar pathophysiology. In previous studies, high-intensity exercise appears to induce a disruption of the matrix rather than functional adaptation in adults. Here we explore the hypothesis that the introduction of controlled exercise during growth would result in an adaptive response without deleterious effects. Young horses were given a controlled exercise program similar to that previously shown to induce matrix changes in energy-storing tendons of skeletally mature animals. The tendons were assessed in relation to mechanical properties, molecular composition, and morphology. Results showed a significant increase in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in the positional tendon but not in the energy-storing tendon. Other matrix properties and mechanical properties were not significantly changed. While the imposition of high-strain-rate exercise in immature horses failed to augment the development of the energy-storing tendon over and above that induced by normal pasture exercise, it did not induce deleterious changes, supporting an earlier introduction of athletic training in horses.adaptation; hypertrophy; cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; biomechanics TENDON OVERUSE INJURIES are not only responsible for considerable loss of athletic potential in both horses (30,35,58) and humans (64), but their prevalence appears to be increasing, with a doubling in Achilles tendinopathy in recent years (26,27,34,37,38). While tendons that link muscle to bone can act merely as force transmitters to position limbs, a specific subgroup of tendons whose function is to store elastic energy contributes to efficient locomotion by acting as springs, while the associated muscle fibers serve primarily to dampen vibrations (1, 59). The Thoroughbred racehorse is a prime example of an elite animal athlete both in terms of evolution and subsequent genetic selection and conditioning. The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in the horse is an energy-storing tendon with functional and compositional similarities to the Achilles tendon in humans (7). This tendon is highly susceptible to injury, accounting for 93% of all tendon and ligament injuries in a study by Ely et al. (15) and thus can be used as a "natural" model to study tendon development and degeneration (51). The common digital extensor tendon (CDET) in contrast is a good example of a positional tendon analogous to the anterior tibialis in the human (3, 62).Over the last two decades there has been a great increase in the scientific understanding of the response of bone and muscle to mechanical loading. The mechanobiology of tendon, however, is less well understood. Effects of exercise on tendon properties have been studied in various species, including mouse (36), rat (49, 55), rabbit (61), chicken (2), guinea fowl (8), miniatur...

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The Biomechanical and Biochemical Properties of Swine Tendons — Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Digital Extensors

Cited by 292 publications

References 17 publications

Collagen network strengthening following cyclic tensile loading

Collagen network strengthening following cyclic tensile loading

Cross-sectional area of the tendon and the muscle of the biceps brachii in shoulders with rotator cuff tears

Can exercise modulate the maturation of functionally different immature tendons in the horse?

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