The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application

Abstract

The pyrolysis method has been used in various fields and has attracted the attention of many researchers so that this method can be applied to treat biomass waste. Pyrolysis of biomass occurs through heating a substance with limited oxygen so that the decomposition of complex compounds such as lignocellulose into simpler compounds occurs. The heat energy of the pyrolysis process encourages the oxidation of biomass so that complex carbon molecules break down into carbon and bio-oil. Pyrolysis of biomass for coconut shells, cashew nut shells, and cocoa pod husk was carried out at a temperature of 400–600°C with a flow rate of 6–7°C/min. The content of bio-oil compounds from its biomass based on the analysis of gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy obtained phenolic acid, pyrimidine derivatives, amines, carbamate acids, furans, esters derivatives, pyridine, ketones, furans, and aldehydes that can be used as active compounds for biopesticides.

The Performance of Organophosphate Pesticides Determination Using Biosensor Based on Small Device Potentiometer as a Transducer

“…The smaller the concentration that can be seen, the better the biosensor features. Limit of Detection (LoD) is the minor analyte concentration that gives a sufficiently large signal and can be distinguished from the signal obtained from the blank with a 99% confidence level [15]. The optimum performance of a biosensor can be determined by its ability to detect the concentration of an analyte.…”

“…The potentiometer is used as an experimental tool for measuring the potential value of analyte detection [19]. The working electrodes used are Au and a platinum (Pt) as a cathode of the electrolysis process and an Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode.…”

“…Pesticides were effectively detected in the range of 0.1-100 mM for parathion-methyl and methamidophos and 0.6-600 mM for Malathion [17]. However, in the presence of higher pesticide concentrations, only partial regeneration of the enzymatic activity was regenerated [15].…”

“…The electrochemical method using measurement tools is based on potentiometric [12], amperometric [13] or conductometric [14] biosensor. Potentiometric biosensors are suitable for measuring the response value of pesticide detection measurements [15].…”

Hydrothermal Hydrolysis of Cocoa Bean Shell to Obtain Bioactive Compounds

“…Some authors have reported the extraction of bioactive compounds from CBS using different techniques, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ohmic heating, deep eutectic solvents, and organic solvents [11][12][13]. However, the use of hydrothermal hydrolysis for this purpose has been scarcely investigated.…”