The Biology of the Small White Butterfly (Pieris rapae), with Special Reference to the Factors Controlling its Abundance

Richards, O. W.

doi:10.2307/1459

Cited by 175 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is well-documented that such insects use both host plant chemicals and kairomones to locate their host insects. The simple experiment of Richards (1940), in which he placed cabbage plants infested with small white butterfly larvae in bare-soil crop situations and in hedgerows, showed clearly that one specific parasitoid (Apanteles rubecula) was also affected adversely when the plants on which its host insects were feeding were placed into a diverse background. Further work is needed on other parasitoids to determine whether this is a general phenomenon.…”

Section: Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host‐plant selection by insects – a theory based on ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’ by pest insects of cruciferous plants

Finch¹,

Collier²

2000

Entomologia Exp Applicata

536

347

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Seven hypotheses, including the 'Resource Concentration Hypothesis' and the 'Enemies Hypothesis', have been put forward to explain why fewer specialist insects are found on host plants growing in diverse backgrounds than on similar plants growing in bare soil. All seven hypotheses are discussed and discounted, primarily because no one has used any of them to produce a general theory of host plant selection, they still remain as hypotheses. However, we have developed a general theory based on detailed observations of insect behaviour. Our theory is based on the fact that during host plant finding the searching insects land indiscriminately on green objects such as the leaves of host plants (appropriate landings) and non-host plants (inappropriate landings), but avoid landing on brown surfaces, such as soil. The complete system of host plant selection involves a three-link chain of events in which the first link is governed by cues from volatile plant chemicals, the central link by visual stimuli, and the final link by cues from non-volatile plant chemicals. The previously 'missing' central link, which is based on what we have described as 'appropriate/inappropriate landings', is governed by visual stimuli. Our theory explains why attempts to show that olfaction is the crucial component in the central link of host plant selection proved intractable. The 'appropriate/inappropriate landings' theory is discussed to indicate the type of work needed in future studies to improve our understanding of how intercropping, undersowing and companion planting can be used to optimum effect in crop protection. The new theory is used also to suggest how insect biotypes could develop and to describe why pest insects do not decimate wild host plants growing in 'natural' situations.

show abstract

Section: Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host‐plant selection by insects – a theory based on ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’ by pest insects of cruciferous plants

Finch¹,

Collier²

2000

Entomologia Exp Applicata

536

347

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pieris rapae larvae are specialist herbivores, consuming leaf tissue of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) (Richards, 1940), including cultivated canola, Brassica napus. To assess the effects of variation in the amount of available protein on the growth and development of P. rapae and its progeny, the protein concentration of artificial diet in two separate experiments was manipulated.…”

Section: Manipulating Protein Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental effects inPieris rapaein response to variation in food quality: adaptive plasticity across generations?

Rotem

Agrawal

Kott

2003

Ecological Entomology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. 1. Herbivores using seasonal resources must cope with variation in the quality of their host plants. The effects of variation in protein concentration of artificial diet and glucosinolate concentration in canola, Brassica napus, on Pieris rapae parental and progeny growth were investigated.2. The hypothesis that parents respond to variation in food quality by altering the phenotype of their progeny to enhance progeny fitness was tested. Consistent with previous studies, P. rapae was not affected strongly by variation in the protein concentration of artificial diet and had equal mass on completing development.3. The mass of individual eggs of P. rapae progeny was correlated negatively with the amount of protein in the diet on which parents fed. Moreover, mothers reared in extreme conditions (high and low protein) produced progeny that grew best under those conditions. These potentially adaptive parental effects were detected early in progeny growth but not later in their development.4. Early larval growth of P. rapae was affected negatively by increasing glucosinolates in B. napus plants, although no effects of glucosinolates were detected later in growth or on the progeny's phenotype.5. Thus, evidence is presented that variation in food quality (protein concentration) has major consequences for the progeny of P. rapae. Given the multivoltine life history of P. rapae and the seasonal differences in food quality it encounters, such parental effects may be adaptive.

show abstract

“…The greatest changes in accumulated area of feeding were caused by changing parameters governing A. rapae development or feeding, particularly initial age distribution. Fortunately, development rates for all three species considered here have been well studied, and studies done at widely different times and locations with different food sources suggest that average development rate at a given temperature is fairly constant (Hardy 1938;Richards 1940;Given 1944;Miner 1947;Harcourt et al 1955;Shorey et al 1962;Jackson et al 1969;Toba et al 1973;Boldt et al 1975;Butler et al 1975;Smith & Smilowitz 1976;Chen & Su 1978Tatchell 1981;Yamada & Kawasaki 1983;Theunissen et al 1985). Changes in forecast temperatures cause the next largest change in accumulated feeding, probably because of their effects on development and feeding rates.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of Intraplant Insect Movement on Economic Thresholds

Hoy

McCulloch

Sawyer

et al. 1990

Environmental Entomology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A simulation model was constructed to examine the effects of intra plant spatial dynamics of the lepidopteran pest complex of cabbage on direct damage to the marketable parts of the plant. Diurnal fluctuations in microclimate for different parts of the crop canopy were simulated with sine functions. Larval development rates for each species were simulated with logisticfunctions of temperature, the development processwith time-varying distributed delays, and feeding rates with exponential functions of temperature and larval age. Larval transition probabilities within the crop canopy were modeled with either constants or definite integrals of the Beta probability density function, the shape parameters of which were modeled as functions of temperature. The model provided a good fit to data on changes in intraplant distribution of these larvae and intraplant distribution of feeding damage. Evaluation of model predictions suggeststhat a threshold population density used for management decisions should not be static, but should be a complex function of species, larval age distribution, and forecast temperatures. A model like the one presented here could serve as that complex function.KEY WORDS Insecta, simulation, model, pest management CURRENTLY, many pest management programs rely on economic thresholds to determine when pest populations must be reduced to prevent economically important damage to a crop. The economic threshold is a simple model, which predicts that a certain amount of damage to the marketable parts of the crop will occur within a given period of time. Economic thresholds developed in the past (Stern 1973, Poston et al. 1983, Pedigo et al. 1986, Onstad 1987, however, did not take into account the spatial structure of multiple pests and their injury within the crop canopy . We hypothesize that intraplant movement of insect pests profoundly affects the amount of damage they cause on the marketable parts of their host plant. Herein we describe the construction and analysis of a simulation model we have used to explore the influence of intraplant spatial dynamics of insect pests on damage to the marketable parts of a crop. New techniques were developed to model intraplant movement as a function of microclimatic conditions within the crop canopy. Spatial dynamics of some species are influenced by the host plant (Hoy I To whomreprintrequestsshouldbe addressed. Currentaddress:Departmentof Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,The OhioStateUniversity, Wooster, Ohio44691-6900.• The system we studied includes fresh market cabbage and its lepidopteran pest complex: diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.; cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); and imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae L. The larvae of each pest damage the crop by chewing holes in the leaves. The marketable parts of the cabbage crop, the head and four surrounding wrapper leaves, and the unmarketable parts, the remaining frame leaves, are vulnerable to this feeding damage. Therefore, the leaves that are fed upon,...

show abstract

The Biology of the Small White Butterfly (Pieris rapae), with Special Reference to the Factors Controlling its Abundance

Cited by 175 publications

References 3 publications

Host‐plant selection by insects – a theory based on ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’ by pest insects of cruciferous plants

Host‐plant selection by insects – a theory based on ‘appropriate/inappropriate landings’ by pest insects of cruciferous plants

Parental effects inPieris rapaein response to variation in food quality: adaptive plasticity across generations?

Effect of Intraplant Insect Movement on Economic Thresholds

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About