The biology of cortical granules

Wessel, Gary M.; Brooks, Jacqueline M.; Green, Emma; Haley, Sheila A.; Voronina, Ekaterina; Wong, Julian L.; Zaydfudim, Victor M.; Conner, S. D.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(01)09012-x

Cited by 115 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 366 publications

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“…For neutral and phospholipid separations, plates were pre-washed with chloroform/ethyl acetate (6:4, v/v) and activated (110°C; 30 min) [26,27]. Phospholipids and lysophospholipids were resolved using a two-step separation: 90 [24]. For PIP resolution, plates were pre-washed with 1% (w/v) potassium oxalate (in methanol/water (2:3, v/v), 1 mM EDTA) for a few seconds and activated (110°C, 30 min).…”

Section: Egg Manipulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shearing yields cell surface complexes (CSC)-plasma membrane (PM) sheets with docked, fusion-ready cortical vesicles (CV), from which high purity CV are isolated [29,31,85,96]. Unlike mammalian secretory vesicles, CV retain Ca 2+ sensitivity and fusion competence in vitro hours after isolationwashed free of soluble components, CV are 'locked' in the docked, fusion-ready state, requiring only an increase in [Ca 2+ ] free to trigger fusion [30,57,75,80,90]. Being amenable to biochemical manipulations, CSC and CV have proven invaluable in dissecting molecular mechanisms underlying docking, Ca 2+ -triggering, and membrane fusion; comparable quantitative manipulations are unfeasible in other secretory systems [30,76,97].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new approach to the molecular analysis of docking, priming, and regulated membrane fusion

Rogasevskaia

Coorssen

2011

J Chem Biol

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Studies using isolated sea urchin cortical vesicles have proven invaluable in dissecting mechanisms of Ca 2+ -triggered membrane fusion. However, only acute molecular manipulations are possible in vitro. Here, using selective pharmacological manipulations of sea urchin eggs ex vivo, we test the hypothesis that specific lipidic components of the membrane matrix selectively affect defined late stages of exocytosis, particularly the Ca 2+ -triggered steps of fast membrane fusion. Egg treatments with cholesterol-lowering drugs resulted in the inhibition of vesicle fusion. Exogenous cholesterol recovered fusion extent and efficiency in cholesterol-depleted membranes; α-tocopherol, a structurally dissimilar curvature analogue, selectively restored fusion extent. Inhibition of phospholipase C reduced vesicle phosphatidylethanolamine and suppressed both the extent and kinetics of fusion. Although phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibition altered levels of polyphosphoinositide species and reduced all fusion parameters, sequestering polyphosphoinositides selectively inhibited fusion kinetics. Thus, cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine play direct roles in the fusion pathway, contributing negative curvature. Cholesterol also organizes the physiological fusion site, defining fusion efficiency. A selective influence of phosphatidylethanolamine on fusion kinetics sheds light on the local microdomain structure at the site of docking/fusion. Polyphosphoinositides have modulatory upstream roles in priming: alterations in specific polyphosphoinositides likely represent the terminal priming steps defining fully docked, release-ready vesicles. Thus, this pharmacological approach has the potential to be a robust high-throughput platform to identify molecular components of the physiological fusion machine critical to docking, priming, and triggered fusion.

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Section: Egg Manipulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new approach to the molecular analysis of docking, priming, and regulated membrane fusion

Rogasevskaia

Coorssen

2011

J Chem Biol

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“…Cortical granules (CGs) are specialized secretory vesicles in eggs of all mammals, most vertebrates, and some invertebrates (Shapiro et al, 1989). They contain a mixture of proteases, glycosidases, and cross-linking enzymes (reviewed in Wessel et al, 2001). Upon egg activation, CGs fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane and release their contents into the perivitelline space; the CG enzymes then biochemically and structurally modify the VM so that sperm can no longer bind or remain bound to the egg.…”

Section: Cortical Granule Exocytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

Horner

Wolfner

2008

Developmental Dynamics

181

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The transition from mature oocyte to developing embryo requires a coordinated series of events, collectively known as egg activation. Egg activation includes changes to egg coverings to prevent polyspermy, release of oocyte meiotic arrest, generation of haploid female and male pronuclei, changes in maternal mRNAs and protein populations, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. In many animals, egg activation is triggered by fertilization, which increases intracellular calcium within the oocyte and thereby regulates molecular events of egg activation. In other animals, fertilization-independent external signals, including mechanical stimulation of eggs and/or changes in ionic milieu, trigger activation. Recent studies have clarified the upstream portion of pathways leading to eggshell changes and cell cycle resumption and have identified activation-induced changes in maternal mRNA and protein profiles that can identify molecular players in the downstream events of egg activation. We review signals that trigger activation and how they link to subsequent molecular events of egg activation. Developmental Dynamics 237:527-544, 2008.

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“…These changes include both a transient membrane depolarization (the "fast block") and modification of the extracellular matrix (the "slow" or "physical block"; for review, see Shapiro et al, 1989;Wessel et al, 2001;Wong and Wessel, 2006). In sea urchins, extracellular matrix modifications include assembly of a fertilization envelope (FE) seconds after gamete fusion, thereby establishing a physical barrier that protects the zygote.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rendezvin: An Essential Gene Encoding Independent, Differentially Secreted Egg Proteins That Organize the Fertilization Envelope Proteome after Self-Association

Wong

Wessel

2006

MBoC

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Preventing polyspermy during animal fertilization relies on modifications to the egg's extracellular matrix. On fertilization in sea urchins, the contents of cortical granules are secreted and rapidly assemble into the egg's extracellular vitelline layer, forming the fertilization envelope, a proteinaceous structure that protects the zygote from subsequent sperm. Here, we document rendezvin, a gene whose transcript is differentially spliced to yield proteins destined for either cortical granules or the vitelline layer. These distinctly trafficked variants reunite after cortical granule secretion at fertilization. Together, they help coordinate assembly of the functional fertilization envelope, whose proteome is now defined in full.

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The biology of cortical granules

Cited by 115 publications

References 366 publications

A new approach to the molecular analysis of docking, priming, and regulated membrane fusion

A new approach to the molecular analysis of docking, priming, and regulated membrane fusion

Transitioning from egg to embryo: Triggers and mechanisms of egg activation

Rendezvin: An Essential Gene Encoding Independent, Differentially Secreted Egg Proteins That Organize the Fertilization Envelope Proteome after Self-Association

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