THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 39 <i>Euphorbia esula</i> L.

Best, K. F.; Bowes, G. G.; Thomas, A. G.; Maw, M. G.

doi:10.4141/cjps80-092

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Third, conditions for germination may be less favorable on areas grazed regularly by sheep because of greater fluctuations in soil temperature and water content, and high wind speeds associated with grazing and trampling. On the other hand, conditions could be more favorable for germination because leafy spurge seedlings establish more readily on mineral soil than in undisturbed vegetation (Best et al 1980 mate on seedling establishment offset any positive effects associated with greater amounts of mineral soil caused by grazing.…”

Section: Plant Community Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We did not monitor percent survival of marked leafy spurge seedlings, however, many second year plants were observed in 1994. Typically, survival of leafy spurge seedlings is low (Selleck et al 1962, Bowes and Thomas 1978, Best et al 1980, but the few seedlings that become established can become an epicenter of a new infestation on disturbed sites (Selleck et al 1962). …”

Section: Plant Community Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sheep Grazing on a Leafy Spurge-Infested Idaho Fescue Community

Olson¹,

Wallander²

1998

Journal of Range Management

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Abstract:Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), an aggressive Eurasian forb, is invading native upland ranges dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love) and Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer) in the Northern Rocky Mountain Province. Our objective was to determine cumulative effects of 3 summers (1992)(1993)(1994) of repeated sheep grazing on a leafy spurge infested-Idaho fescue community. Targhee ewes were systematically rotated through paddocks in small pastures. Leafy spurge stem and Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass plant densities, and frequencies of other species were determined before grazing in 1992, 1993 and 1994, and in 1995, 9 months after grazing ended. Number of viable leafy spurge seeds in seedbanks was determined in 1992 and 1995. Plant heights were measured each year. Density of leafy spurge seedlings was low in grazed and ungrazed areas in 1992 and 1994, whereas density was higher in ungrazed than grazed areas in 1993 and 1995. Grazing did not increase or decrease density of mature leafy spurge stems from 1992 to 1995. Grazing increased density of Idaho fescue but reduced density of bluebunch wheatgrass. Kentucky bluegrass, (Poa pratensis L.), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa sandbergii Vasey), annual bromegrasses (Bromus spp.), and sedge (Carex spp.) frequencies increased in grazed areas. Number of viable leafy spurge seeds in the seedbank was lower in 1995 than in 1992; this reduction was greater in grazed than ungrazed areas. Three years of repeated sheep grazing reduced numbers of leafy spurge seed in the seedbank and seedling densities, but had no effect on density of mature leafy spurge stems. There was minimal effect on the cool season native grasses, possibly because the site was grazed primarily in midsummer when these grasses are dormant. Thus, a long-term com-1 Manuscript accepted: 23 July 1997.

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Section: Plant Community Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Community Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sheep Grazing on a Leafy Spurge-Infested Idaho Fescue Community

Olson¹,

Wallander²

1998

Journal of Range Management

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“…It is considered a prime candidate for biological control because of its propensity to invade a variety of habitats such as grasslands, woodlands, riparian areas and waterways where alternative control efforts may be limited and it is a perennial weed providing a continuous source of food to organisms capable of utilizing portions of the plant. Unfortunately, leafy spurge's defense mechanisms such as the milky latex make utilization of the plant difficult except for well adapted insects that have evolved means to overcome these defenses (Best et al 1980). Eight insects have been released to control leafy spurge in North Dakota since the 1980s (Lym and Zollinger 1995).…”

Section: Astractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological control of leafy spurge with introduced flea beetles (Aphthona spp.)

Kirby¹,

Carlson²,

Krabbenhoft³

2000

REM

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AstractFlea beetles ( Aphthona spp.) were introduced into leafy spurge (E u p h o r b i a e s u l a L.)-infested rangeland in east-central North Dakota. The study objectives were to evaluate the effects of the introduced insects on leafy spurge cover, density, and yield, and grass and grass-like yield of associated plant communities. A p h t h o n a spp. were released in 1988 and 1989 at 2 sites near Valley City, N.D. Aboveground vegetative sampling for leafy spurge cover, density and yield, and grass and grass-like yield was conducted between 1993 and 1995. Belowground sampling of root density, dry weight and root buds was conducted between the release date and 1995. A p h t h o n a spp. reduced aboveground cover, density and yield of leafy spurge and increased yield of grass and grass-like species. Leafy spurge root density, weight, and number of root buds decreased on insect release sites between release dates and 1995. Reduced stem density of leafy spurge and increased grass and grass-like yield, should enhance cattle use and production from these sites.Key Words: biological control, leafy spurge, insects, flea beetles, range improvement Biological control of introduced noxious weeds using insects has received limited use on rangelands (Vallentine 1989). Successful biological control efforts using insects has been reported for St. John's-Wort (H y p e r i c u m p e r f o r a t u m L.) (Huffaker and Kennett 1959), pricklypear (O p u n t i a spp.) (Goeden et al. 1968), and tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) (Hawkes 1968). Efforts to control leafy spurge (E u p h o r b i a e s u l a L.) with insects has been ongoing since the 1960s with significant expansion in the 1970s and 1980s (Harris 1984, Pemberton 1985.Leafy spurge is an introduced plant from Eurasia that is extremely persistent and competitive in grazed rangelands (Dunn 1979). It is considered a prime candidate for biological control because of its propensity to invade a variety of habitats such as grasslands, woodlands, riparian areas and waterways where alternative control efforts may be limited and it is a perennial weed providing a continuous source of food to organisms capable of utilizing portions of the plant. Unfortunately, leafy spurge's defense mechanisms such as the milky latex make utilization of the plant difficult except for well adapted insects that have evolved means to overcome these defenses (Best et al. 1980). Eight insects have been released to control leafy spurge in North Dakota since the 1980s (Lym and Zollinger 1995). Of these, flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) have been the most successful for establishment, reproduction and redistribution. However, limited quantitative information is available regarding the impact of Aphthona spp. on leafy spurge and the associated plant community. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Aphthona spp. on leafy spurge cover, density and yield, and grass and grass-like yield of associated plant communities. University, Fargo, N.D. 58105; professor, Entomology Department, North ...

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“…Similarly, they demonstrated that non-after-ripened (i.e., dormant) seeds germinated slowly at the alternating temperature, with final germination of 54% at 21 d. Our previous research showed that dormant leafy spurge seeds from a Fargo, ND population have a moderate 40% level of germination after 21 d when subjected to a 20:30°C (16 h:8 h) diurnal alternating temperature (Foley and Chao 2008). Other investigations using seed obtained from various locations tested the efficacy of alternating temperature of 20:30°C (16 h:8 h), 20:35°C (16 h:8 h), 30:10°C (8 h:16 h), and 20:30°C (24 h:24 h) for germination of leafy spurge seeds (Brown and Porter 1942;Selleck et al 1962;Wicks and Derscheid 1964;Bowes and Thomas 1978;Best et al 1980). Unfortunately, with few exceptions, the aforementioned investigations did not report how the seeds were maintained in a dormant state prior to germination; that is, whether seeds were dormant, partially after-ripened, or nondormant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leafy spurge is a noxious perennial weed of the Northern Great Plains of North America that occurs in rangelands, pastures, and right-of-ways (Best et al 1980;Lym 2005). It reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively from underground adventitious buds on the crown and root system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germination of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) seeds under alternating temperatures: the effects of amplitude, midpoint, and imbibition in gibberellic acid

Foley

2016

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Germinability of dormant seeds or the capacity to germinate under particular conditions is sometimes enhanced by a diurnal alternating temperature regime relative to a constant temperature. Alternating temperature regimes vary in amplitude (difference between the minimum and maximum) and midpoint (average). The aim of this research was to test the effects of amplitude and midpoint regimes on germination of dormant leafy spurge seed from a Fargo, ND population in water and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ). The optimal regimes for germination in both water and GA 3 were 20:30°C (16 h:8 h) and 20:35°C (19 h:5 h), which provided amplitudes of 10°C and 15°C, respectively, with both conditions having a midpoint temperature of 23.3°C. However, midpoint temperature of 22°C to 27°C were equally effective for germination under the 20:30°C and 20:35°C alternating temperature regimes. Additional alternating temperature regimes with amplitudes of 15°C (15:30°C and 10:25°C), 20°C (10:30°C), and 25°C (10:35°C) generally displayed reduced germination in both water and GA 3 , which is likely attributable to the low initial alternating temperature (≤15°C) component of the regime relative to the higher initial temperature of 20°C for the optimum regimes of 20:30°C and 20:35°C. Under the alternating temperature regimes tested, seeds germinated in GA 3 generally displayed higher germination (≥80%) compared with seeds in water (30%-50%).

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THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 39 Euphorbia esula L.

Cited by 43 publications

References 1 publication

Effect of Sheep Grazing on a Leafy Spurge-Infested Idaho Fescue Community

Effect of Sheep Grazing on a Leafy Spurge-Infested Idaho Fescue Community

Biological control of leafy spurge with introduced flea beetles (Aphthona spp.)

Germination of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) seeds under alternating temperatures: the effects of amplitude, midpoint, and imbibition in gibberellic acid

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