The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz.

Abstract

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) The most common of the three species in North America, C. microcarpa, arrived in the late 19th century, and subsequently appeared at numerous crop and uncultivated sites across the country, probably in cargo as the railways expanded. Camelina alyssum appeared in the early 20th century at restricted sites on the prairies, mostly in Saskatchewan. All three species have diminished in importance as crop weeds in western Canada over the past few decades. This reduction could be related to increased weed control by herbicides. Herbicide-resistant biotypes have recently been reported in C. microcarpa. Camelina sativa has attracted renewed interest as an oil crop, because of an adaptation to various climatic conditions, low nutrient requirements and resistance to disease and pests. In Europe, where it is now widely grown, it has shown considerable potential in the food, animal feed, nutraceutical, paint, dye, cosmetic and biofuel industries. In North America, it is being grown on a trial basis mainly for its potential as a biofuel in Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Maritime Provinces, and the northern United States of America. Cet article dresse le bilan de l'information connue sur la biologie de trois adventices du groupe des crucife`res : Camelina alyssum, C. microcarpa et C. sativa. Camelina sativa qu'on utilise ou cultive pour son huile depuis plusieurs sie`cles en Europe, a e´te´la premie`re a`atteindre l'Ame´rique du Nord comme mauvaise herbe, vers le milieu du XIX e sie`cle. Elle s'est ensuite e´tendue peu a`peu aux Prairies, surtout dans les cultures, pour parvenir en Colombie-Britannique et jusque dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. C. microcarpa, la plus commune des trois espe`ces en sol nord-ame´ricain, a e´te´introduite vers la fin du XIX e sie`cle avant d'apparaıˆtre dans de multiples cultures et terrains incultes du continent, sans doute avec l'expansion du transport des marchandises et du trafic ferroviaire. Camelina alyssum est survenue au de´but du XX e sie`cle a`quelques endroits des Prairies, principalement en Saskatchewan. Les trois espe`ces ont perdu de l'importance en tant que mauvaises herbes dans l'ouest du Canada ces dernie`res de´cennies. On le doit peut-eˆtre a`l'usage accru des herbicides pour lutter contre les adventices. Des biotypes re´sistants aux herbicides ont re´cemment e´te´signale´s pour C. microcarpa. Camelina sativa a suscite´un regain d'inte´reˆt comme ole´agineux, en raison de sa facilite´d'adaptation aux conditions climatiques, de ses faibles exigences nutritives et de sa re´sistance a`la maladie et aux ravageurs. En Europe, ou`on la cultive couramment, cette plante pre´sente un potentiel conside´rable comme culture vivrie`re ou fourrage`re, comme nutraceutique, ainsi que pour les industries de la peinture, des colorants, des cosme´tiques et des biocarburants. En Ame´rique du Nord, on la cultive expe´rimentalement en Alberta, en Saskatchewan, dans les Maritimes et dans le nord des É .-U., principalement en raison de son u...

Hybridization between Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (false flax) and North American Camelina species

“…rumelica is found only in the United States (Colorado, Kansas, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon and Texas) (Al‐Shehbaz and Beilstein ). The nomenclature, taxonomy and biology of C. sativa , C. alyssum and C. microcarpa were recently reviewed (Francis and Warwick ).…”

Biofuels Get in the Fast Lane: Developments in Plant Feedstock Production and Processing

“…Camelina seed oil can be used as non-food feedstock for the production of biofuel [66,67] while the lignocellulosic biomass of the plant for ethanol production (second generation biofuel). The probable origin of the plant is the southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia [68]. Recent molecular evidence, however, challenges this belief and shows high genetic diversity among the Russian-Ukrainian camelina populations suggesting that this region could be the centre of the species origin [69].…”

“…The low production cost in combination with the short period from seed to harvest (85 to 100 days) make it an ideal crop for biodiesel production. Camelina is able to grow under moist soil types [72] and cold semi-arid growing regions [68]. In addition, the plant grows well on marginal land and can tolerate drought conditions.…”

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz A mercantile crop with speckled pharmacological activities

“…Seeds are minute and pale yellow-brown in colour, generally 2-3 mm long and are rough with an intensely grooved surface. Each plant weighs (capable of producing 100 -1000 seeds) just 1g on an average 1000 seeds (Schuster and Friedt, 1998;Francis and Warwick, 2009) and they do not exhibit dormancy (issg.database; Robinson, 1987a;Putnam et al, 1993).…”