The Biology, Ecology and Taxonomy of Bacillus thuringiensis and Related Bacteria

Raymond, Ben

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56678-8_2

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…It is important to note that a species label of B. cereus s.s. does not imply that these strains are biosafety level 2 strains, although concerns have been raised about the safety of some commercially available Bt bioinsecticides (Bonis et al 2021;EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards 2016). This subject requires further research to evaluate whether bioinsecticidal strains are ecologically adapted to insect hosts to an extent that the adaptation would result in impaired ability to sporulate and express enterotoxins in the human gastrointestinal tract (Raymond 2017;Raymond and Federici 2017;Raymond et al 2010).…”

Section: Genomospecies/subspecies/biovar Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond

Carroll¹,

Cheng

Wiedmann

et al. 2021

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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The Bacillus cereus group, also known as B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.), is a species complex that contains numerous closely related lineages, which vary in their ability to cause illness in humans and animals. The classification of B. cereus s.l. isolates into species-level taxonomic units is thus essential for informing public health and food safety efforts. However, taxonomic classification of these organisms is challenging. Numerous-often conflicting-taxonomic changes to the group have been proposed over the past two decades, making it difficult to remain up to date. In this review, we discuss the major nomenclatural changes that have accumulated in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic space prior to 2020, particularly in the genomic sequencing era, and outline the resulting problems. We discuss several contemporary taxonomic frameworks as applied to B. cereus s.l., including (i) phenotypic, (ii) genomic, and (iii) hybrid nomenclatural frameworks, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. We offer suggestions as to how readers can avoid B. cereus s.l. taxonomic ambiguities, regardless of the nomenclatural framework(s) they choose to employ. Finally, we discuss future directions and open problems in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic realm, including those that cannot be solved by genomic approaches alone.

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Section: Genomospecies/subspecies/biovar Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond

Carroll¹,

Cheng

Wiedmann

et al. 2021

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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“…Particularly, Bt cotton has been grown commercially in various parts of the world to control lepidopteron insects. While the vegetative cells of Bt are well adapted to thrive in the gut of susceptible insects (Raymond, 2017;Yara et al, 1997), the Bt endospores can also survive in a wide range of soils and environmental conditions except at below pH 4.8 (Dulmage and Aizawa, 1982;Saleh et al, 1970). Otherwise the existence of Bt in soils is largely dependent on existing soil microbial communities which actively competes with the introduced Bt species and tends to competitively diminish overall Bt populations (Akiba et al, 1977).…”

Section: Effect Of Bacillus Thuringiensis On Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of genetically modified crops on rhizosphere microorganisms and processes: A review focusing on Bt cotton

Mandal

Sarkar

Owens

et al. 2020

Applied Soil Ecology

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“…Although recent studies have suggested that Lepidoptera have a transient plant-derived microbiome [26], Ec forms persistent infections in the midgut [24]. Our experimental pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt) is a widespread and commonly occurring lepidopteran pathogen [27]. Effective replication of Bt in vivo requires host death and invasion of the haemocoel [28]; this pathogen disintegrates the gut with pore-forming Cry toxins and quorum-regulated lytic enzymes [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifts along the parasite–mutualist continuum are opposed by fundamental trade-offs

2019

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Theory suggests that symbionts can readily evolve more parasitic or mutualistic strategies with respect to hosts. However, many symbionts have stable interactions with hosts that improve nutrient assimilation or confer protection from pathogens. We explored the potential for evolution of increased parasitism or decreased parasitism and mutualism in a natural gut symbiosis between larvae of Plutella xylostella and the microbe Enterobacter cloacae. We focused on interactions with the pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis : selecting for parasitism in terms of facilitating pathogen infection, or increased mutualism in terms of host protection. Selection for parasitism led to symbionts increasing pathogen-induced mortality but reduced their competitive ability with pathogens and their in vitro growth rates. Symbionts did not evolve to confer protection from pathogens. However, several lineages evolved reduced parasitism, primarily in terms of moderating impacts on host growth, potentially because prudence pays dividends through increased host size. Overall, the evolution of increased parasitism was achievable but was opposed by trade-offs likely to reduce fitness. The evolution of protection may not have occurred because suppressing growth of B. thuringiensis in the gut might provide only weak protection or because evolution towards protective interactions was opposed by the loss of competitive fitness in symbionts.

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The Biology, Ecology and Taxonomy of Bacillus thuringiensis and Related Bacteria

Cited by 13 publications

References 132 publications

Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond

Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond

Impact of genetically modified crops on rhizosphere microorganisms and processes: A review focusing on Bt cotton

Shifts along the parasite–mutualist continuum are opposed by fundamental trade-offs

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