The Biological Implications of the Transition to Agriculture in Ukraine: A Study of Enamel Hypoplasias

Karsten, Jordan; Ledogar, Sarah Heins; Madden, Gwyn; Sokhatskyi, Mykhailo P.

doi:10.26575/daj.v27i1-2.40

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Features, such as hearths, pits, and articulated human or animal bone groups, were excavated separately. Human remains were identified as secondary burials intermixed with faunal remains, stone and bone tools, and ceramics (Karsten 2014; Karsten et al 2015b; Madden et al 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upper strata of this site have been previously dated by Nikitin et al (2010). Excavations since 2008 have brought this site down an additional two meters (Karsten 2014:107). Specimens chosen for this analysis are from the deepest levels of excavation (Lvs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interpretations of use of the cave during this period vary. The site was originally described as a refuge or temporary shelter, although the idea that the cave serves some ritual, or mortuary function are increasingly used (Nikitin et al 2010; Karsten et al 2014; Kadrow and Pokutta 2016; Madden et al 2018). High frequency of blunt force trauma observed on the excavated crania (n=25) also indicates that at least 44% of the interred individuals were victims of interpersonal violence (Karsten et al 2015b; Madden et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New AMS Dates for Verteba Cave and Stable Isotope Evidence of Human Diet in The Holocene Forest-Steppe, Ukraine

Ledogar¹,

Karsten

Madden

et al. 2018

Radiocarbon

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Excavations at several locations in Verteba Cave have uncovered a large amount of human skeletal remains in association with faunal bones and Tripolye material culture. We aim to establish radiocarbon (14C) dates for eight sites and to evaluate whether these deposits are singular events, or slow accumulations over time.14C measurements, along with stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data from human and faunal remains, were collected from 18 specimens. Stable isotope values were used to evaluate human and animal diet, and whether freshwater reservoir effects offset measured dates. We found diets of the sampled species had limited to no influence from freshwater resources. Human diet appears to be dominated by terrestrial plants and herbivores. Four new sites were identified as Eneolithic. Comparisons of dates from top and bottom strata for two sites (7 and 20) reveal coeval dates, and we suggest that these deposits represent discrete events rather than slow continuous use. Lastly, we identified dates from the Mesolithic (8490±45 BP, 8765±30 BP), Iron Age (2505±20 BP), Slavic state era (1315±25 BP), and Medieval Period (585±15 BP), demonstrating periodic use of the cave by humans prior to and after the Eneolithic.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New AMS Dates for Verteba Cave and Stable Isotope Evidence of Human Diet in The Holocene Forest-Steppe, Ukraine

Ledogar¹,

Karsten

Madden

et al. 2018

Radiocarbon

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“…The cave contains the largest accumulation of human remains associated with the Tripolye culture found to date. Very few Tripolye culture human remains exist, making the cave one of the most important sites for the investigation of the diet, health, pathology, and population history of Trypillian peoples (Karsten et al, 2014(Karsten et al, , 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from Verteba Cave, Ukraine: insights into the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cucuteni–Tripolye culture

Schmidt

Wakabayashi

Waku

et al. 2020

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Verteba Cave (VC) in western Ukraine dates to the Eneolithic period (c. 5500 YBP), and contains the largest collection yet found of human skeletal remains associated with the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. The subsistence economy of this people was based on agropastoralism, and included some of the largest and densest Middle Neolithic settlement sites in all of Europe. To understand further the evolutionary history of the Tripolye people, we examined population genetics patterns in mitochondrial DNA from ancient human remains excavated from VC chambers. From five commingled and secondary burial sites within the cave, we obtained 368 bp mtDNA HVR1 sequences from 22 individuals assignable to eight haplogroups: H (three haplotypes), HV (two haplotypes), W, K, and T. Overall nucleotide diversity is low (π = 0.00621). The two largest samples, from Chamber G3 and Site 7, were significantly differentiated with respect to haplotype composition: G3 (n = 8) is dominated by haplotype W (π = 0), whereas Site 7 (n = 15) is dominated by H haplotypes (π = 0.00439). Tajima's D as an indication of population expansion was not significantly negative for the complete sample (D = -1.37) or for sites G3 (D = -0.973) and 7 (D = -1.35), which were analyzed separately. Individuals from the Tripolye culture buried at VC c. 5500 YBP had predominantly haplogroup H and related haplotypes. This contrasts with predominantly haplogroup U individuals in preEneolithic peoples from the same area, which suggests lack of genetic continuity in a site that has been dated to the Mesolithic. Peoples of the Tripolye culture are more closely related to other early European farmers than to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and/or pre-Eneolithic cultures.

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“…Regardless, the cave contains the largest accumulation of human remains associated with the Tripolye culture. In fact, very few Tripolye culture human remains exist, making the cave one of the most important sites to investigate diet, health, pathology, and population history of Trypillian peoples [18, 19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from Verteba Cave, Ukraine: insights into the origins and expansions of the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cututeni-Tripolye Culture

Wakabayashi

Schmidt

Gakuhari

et al. 2017

Preprint

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1 Background: The Eneolithic (~ 5,500 yrBP) site of Verteba Cave in Western Ukraine contains 2 the largest collection of human skeletal remains associated with the archaeological 3 Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture. Their subsistence economy is based largely on agro-pastoralism and 4 had some of the largest and most dense settlement sites during the Middle Neolithic in all of 5 Europe. To help understand the evolutionary history of the Tripolye people, we performed 6 mtDNA analyses on ancient human remains excavated from several chambers within the cave.7Results: Burials at Verteba Cave are largely commingled and secondary in nature. A total of 68 8 individual bone specimens were analyzed. Most of these specimens were found in association 9 with well-defined Tripolye artifacts. We determined 28 mtDNA D-Loop (368 bp) sequences 10 and defined 8 sequence types, belonging to haplogroups H, HV, W, K, and T. These results do 11 not suggest continuity with local pre-Eneolithic peoples, but rather complete population 12 replacement. We constructed maximum parsimonious networks from the data and generated 13 population genetic statistics. Nucleotide diversity (π) is low among all sequence types and our 14 network analysis indicates highly similar mtDNA sequence types for samples in chamber G3. 15Using different sample sizes due to the uncertainly in number of individuals (11, 28, or 15), we 16 found Tajima's D statistic to vary. When all sequence types are included (11 or 28), we do not 17 find a trend for demographic expansion (negative but not significantly different from zero); 18 however, when only samples from Site 7 (peak occupation) are included, we find a significantly 19 negative value, indicative of demographic expansion.20 Conclusions: Our results suggest individuals buried at Verteba Cave had overall low mtDNA 21 diversity, most likely due to increased conflict among sedentary farmers and nomadic 22 pastoralists to the East and North. Early Farmers tend to show demographic expansion. We find 23 different signatures of demographic expansion for the Tripolye people that may be caused by 24 existing population structure or the spatiotemporal nature of ancient data. Regardless, peoples of 25 the Tripolye Culture are more closely related to early European farmers and lack genetic 26 continuity with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers or pre-Eneolithic groups in Ukraine.28 29 30 31 32 33 3 Background 1 Profound cultural transitions accompanied the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Europe. 2 These transitions were catalyzed initially through large-scale migrations of agriculturists from 3 the West Asia (modern day Anatolia) during the Neolithic, and later through the migrations of 4 steppe herders from the Pontic-Caspian and Volga regions of modern Ukraine during the 5 Bronze Age [1-4]. A continuing question of debate among researchers is how these migrations 6 affected the genetic composition of modern-day Europe [5, 6]. A key question in this debate is 7 whether these migrations that brought about cultural changes were the results of mo...

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The Biological Implications of the Transition to Agriculture in Ukraine: A Study of Enamel Hypoplasias

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

New AMS Dates for Verteba Cave and Stable Isotope Evidence of Human Diet in The Holocene Forest-Steppe, Ukraine

New AMS Dates for Verteba Cave and Stable Isotope Evidence of Human Diet in The Holocene Forest-Steppe, Ukraine

Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from Verteba Cave, Ukraine: insights into the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cucuteni–Tripolye culture

Analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from Verteba Cave, Ukraine: insights into the origins and expansions of the Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cututeni-Tripolye Culture

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