The biokinetics of uranium migrating from embedded DU fragments

Leggett, R. W.; Pellmar, Terry C.

doi:10.1016/s0265-931x(02)00050-4

Cited by 92 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…This has previously been observed and a biokinetic model of uranium in adult rats describes three compartments of soft-tissue uranium (STO, ST1, and ST2) that have clearance half-lives of 2 h, 3 d, and 100 d, respectively (Leggett & Pellmar, 2003). In the only other study of regional brain uranium levels, Pellmar et al (1999a) reported uneven distribution of brain uranium 18 mo after implantation of DU pellets.…”

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confidence: 56%

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Multifactorial Assessment of Depleted Uranium Neurotoxicity

Jortner¹

2004

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Public reporting burden for this collection of Information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of Information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and Tables Abstracts Manuscripts Introduction This is a four-year study on the neurotoxic potential of depleted uranium (DU) in laboratory rats. Previous studies with Gulf War veterans and experimental animals exposed to embedded DU suggest that neurotoxicity may result from DU exposure (McDiarmid eta!. 2000; Pellmar eta/., 1999). The current investigation is designed to assess the neurotoxic potential of acute and chronic exposure to DU and the contribution of stress to expression of DU neurotoxicity and kinetics. All studies are being performed with adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. As noted in the Table below, the components of this project are as follows: 1-Dose-finding and preliminary toxicokinetic studies of DU. These were conducted in the Year 1 of the project 2-Pilot stress study-To obtain an optimal model of experimental stress for use in the acute and chronic DU exposure studies. This was done in Year 2 and Year 3. 3-Acute neurotoxicity of soluble DU (uranyl acetate)-To determine nervous system kinetics and toxicity of DU. This was a major focus in Year 3. The in-life portion was done, and the neurobehavioral and most of the neurochemical data were obtained and analyzed. Neuropathological studies of the brain were also performed in this year. Tissue uranium assays were done in part. 4-Long-term toxicity study-This will assess chronic exposures from implanted solid DU particles, a model of some Gulf War casualties. This study began in Year 3, and is in progress. STRESS THAT RESULTED IN MARKED, TRANSIENT ELEVATION OF PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE. CLINICAL, NEUROCHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN. MAJOR FINDINGS WERE TRANSIENT DECREASE IN DOPAMINE IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN ON POST-DOSING DAY 3 IN THE HIGH DOSE, UNSTRESSED ANIMALS. THERE WERE DU-RELATED DECREASES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY, BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FORELIMB GRIP STRENGTH. DU DOSE-RELATED RENAL TUBULAR NECROSIS WAS ALSO SEEN, AND MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THESE CLINICAL FINDINGS. STRESS HAD NO EFFECT ON THE RENAL DISEASE OR THE CLINICAL CHANGES, EXCEPT FOR A PROTECTIVE EFFECT IN THE GRIP STRENGTH. TASK 4, A LONG-TERM DU-IMPLANTATION/STRESS STUDY, WASMethods for both the acute and chronic (3, 4 -above) studies employed the following procedures. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to assess the kinetics of uranium in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum at selected periods after DU administration. Neurotoxicity is as...

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confidence: 56%

“…The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has a biokinetic model for uranium, but there are no data on the shortterm temporal and spatial distribution of uranium in brain. The need for this data was highlighted in a recent report on kinetics of DU release from solid fragments (Leggett & Pellmar, 2003). …”

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confidence: 99%

Multifactorial Assessment of Depleted Uranium Neurotoxicity

Jortner¹

2004

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“…Hahn observed a DU-fragment surface area dependence wherein 1 Â 2 mm pellets did not induce tumors, 2.5 Â 2.5 Â 1.5 mm 2 -induced tumors in 6% of the test rats, and 5 Â 5 Â 1.5 mm 2 -induced tumors in 18% of the test rats. Leggett and Pellmar (2003) conducted similar tests and also found that 1 Â 2 mm pellets did not induce tumors. Hahn points out that rats are more implant-sensitive and more radiation-sensitive than humans.…”

Section: Radiation From Embedded Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Gulf war depleted uranium risks

Marshall

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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US and British forces used depleted uranium (DU) in armor-piercing rounds to disable enemy tanks during the Gulf and Balkan Wars. Uranium particulate is generated by DU shell impact and particulate entrained in air may be inhaled or ingested by troops and nearby civilian populations. As uranium is slightly radioactive and chemically toxic, a number of critics have asserted that DU exposure has resulted in a variety of adverse health effects for exposed veterans and nearby civilian populations. The study described in this paper used mathematical modeling to estimate health risks from exposure to DU during the 1991 Gulf War for both US troops and nearby Iraqi civilians. The analysis found that the risks of DU-induced leukemia or birth defects are far too small to result in an observable increase in these health effects among exposed veterans or Iraqi civilians. The analysis indicated that only a few (B5) US veterans in vehicles accidentally targeted by US tanks received significant exposure levels, resulting in about a 1.4% lifetime risk of DU radiation-induced fatal cancer (compared with about a 24% risk of a fatal cancer from all other causes). These veterans may have also experienced temporary kidney damage. Iraqi children playing for 500 h in DU-destroyed vehicles are predicted to incur a cancer risk of about 0.4%. In vitro and animal tests suggest the possibility of chemically induced health effects from DU internalization, such as immune system impairment. Further study is needed to determine the applicability of these findings for Gulf War exposure to DU. Veterans and civilians who did not occupy DU-contaminated vehicles are unlikely to have internalized quantities of DU significantly in excess of normal internalization of natural uranium from the environment.

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“…United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set a maximum limit of 30 µg/l. In long-term exposure, uranium accumulates in the bone and kidneys (Leggett and Pellmar 2003;Pellmar et al 1999;Kurttio et al 2005). Following ingestion, uranium rapidly appears in the bloodstream, where it is associated primarily with the red cells.…”

Section: Health Impact Due To Exposure Of Uraniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Uranium and Toxic Elements Concentration in Groundwater in Punjab State of India: Extent of the Problem and Risk Due to Consumption of Unsafe Drinking Water

Shrivastava¹

2014

Water Qual Expo Health

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The article provides the first ever Statewise information on uranium and other toxic elements (Pb, As, Cd, Al, Hg, Se, and Ni) present in excess quantity in groundwater in Punjab State of India. It undertakes detailed analysis of 252 ground water samples, out of total 1,686 samples, which were found exceeding guideline value for uranium in drinking water as specified by different regulating agencies like Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) India, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and World Health Organization (WHO). The groundwater samples were collected from 14 districts for analysis of uranium following suspected high level of uranium in groundwater and possible co-relationship of uranium in drinking water with high incidences of cancer, kidney problem, birth defects, and other abnormalities in some areas in Punjab State of India. Basic information on cancer-related incidences is also given. Keeping in view that there could be multiple reasons of cancer-related incidences and other health hazards, data on pesticide consumption in the State were also collected, and test results of other toxic elements (Pb, As, Cd, Al, Hg, Se, and Ni) in 7,176 groundwater-based drinking water sources are also presented.The analysis reveals that groundwater at many villages, which is used for drinking purpose, is contaminated with uranium and other toxic metals, and consumption of drinking water contaminated with many toxic elements may be one of the reason of high incidences of cancer, kidney problem, birth defects, and other abnormalities in some areas in Punjab State of India.

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The biokinetics of uranium migrating from embedded DU fragments

Cited by 92 publications

References 18 publications

Multifactorial Assessment of Depleted Uranium Neurotoxicity

Multifactorial Assessment of Depleted Uranium Neurotoxicity

Gulf war depleted uranium risks

Elevated Uranium and Toxic Elements Concentration in Groundwater in Punjab State of India: Extent of the Problem and Risk Due to Consumption of Unsafe Drinking Water

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