The Biochemical Basis and Clinical Evidence of Food Allergy Due to Lipid Transfer Proteins: A Comprehensive Review

Winkle, R.C. Van; Chang, Christopher

doi:10.1007/s12016-012-8338-7

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Significant geographical variations in sensitization have been reported, particularly for hazelnut (72,73) and apple (74). An association between LTP sensitization and severity has been reported particularly in the Mediterranean region (55). However, LTP sensitization does not always predict a clinical reactivity nor severity: peanut LTP rAra h 9 did not discriminate between clinical allergy and sensitization in two recent studies (75,76).…”

Section: Sensitization Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can we identify patients at risk of life‐threatening allergic reactions to food?

Turner

Baumert

Beyer

et al. 2016

Allergy

196

207

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Anaphylaxis has been defined as a 'severe, life-threatening generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction'. However, data indicate that the vast majority of foodtriggered anaphylactic reactions are not life-threatening. Nonetheless, severe lifethreatening reactions do occur and are unpredictable. We discuss the concepts surrounding perceptions of severe, life-threatening allergic reactions to food by different stakeholders, with particular reference to the inclusion of clinical severity as a factor in allergy and allergen risk management. We review the evidence regarding factors that might be used to identify those at most risk of severe allergic reactions to food, and the consequences of misinformation in this regard. For example, a significant proportion of food-allergic children also have asthma, yet almost none will experience a fatal food-allergic reaction; asthma is not, in itself, a strong predictor for fatal anaphylaxis. The relationship between dose of allergen exposure and symptom severity is unclear. While dose appears to be a risk factor in at least a subgroup of patients, studies report that individuals with prior anaphylaxis do not have a lower eliciting dose than those reporting previous mild reactions. It is therefore important to consider severity and sensitivity as separate factors, as a highly sensitive individual will not necessarily experience severe symptoms during an allergic reaction. We identify the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to improve our ability to better identify those most at risk of severe food-induced allergic reactions.

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Section: Sensitization Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can we identify patients at risk of life‐threatening allergic reactions to food?

Turner

Baumert

Beyer

et al. 2016

Allergy

196

207

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“…The role of LTPs in allergic reactions is only briefly mentioned here. We recommend reading other reviews for an introduction and update on this interesting and clinically relevant aspects of plant LTPs (47)(48)(49)(50).…”

Section: Ltp -A Major Plant Food Allergenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins?

Edqvist

Blomqvist

Nieuwland

et al. 2018

Journal of Lipid Research

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The nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small, compact proteins folded around a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, making them suitable for lipid binding and transport. LTPs are encoded by large gene families in all land plants, but they have not been identified in algae or any other organisms. Thus, LTPs are considered key proteins for plant survival on and colonization of land. LTPs are abundantly expressed in most plant tissues, both above and below ground. They are usually localized to extracellular spaces outside the plasma membrane. Although the in vivo functions of LTPs remain unclear, accumulating evidence suggests a role for LTPs in the transfer and deposition of monomers required for assembly of the water-proof lipid barriers-such as cutin and cuticular wax, suberin, and sporopolleninformed on many plant surfaces. Some LTPs may be involved in other processes, such as signaling during pathogen attacks. Here, we present the current status of LTP research with a focus on the role of these proteins in lipid barrier deposition and cell expansion. We suggest that LTPs facilitate extracellular transfer of barrier materials and adhesion between barriers and extracellular materials. A growing body of research may uncover the true role of LTPs in plants. Overview of plant non-specific lipid transfer proteinsThe plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are abundant, secreted, soluble, cysteinerich and small proteins with a molecular size usually below 10 kDa (1, 2). In the LTPs four conserved disulfide bridges, formed by an eight-Cys motif (8CM) with the general form CXn-C-Xn-CC-Xn-CXC-Xn-C-Xn-C, stabilize the folding of four or five α-helices into a very compact 3D-structure (3, 4 and Fig. 1). The folding of the helices results in a central hydrophobic cleft suitable for the binding of hydrophobic ligands, such as fatty acids and other lipids (Fig. 2). The compact structure renders the LTPs very insensitive to heat and denaturing agents (5, 6). LTPs are expressed in all investigated land plants, but have not been detected in any other organisms (7). LTPs are encoded by large gene families in seed plants (2,(8)(9)(10)(11). In bryophytes and ferns the gene families are significantly smaller (7,12). LTPs are classified in five major types (LTP1, LTP2, LTPc, LTPd and LTPg) and four minor types (LTPe, LTPf, LTPh, LTPj and LTPk) (7). The classification is based on the spacing between the Cys residues in the 8CM, the polypeptide sequence identity and the position of evolutionary conserved introns. The classification also reflects post-translational modifications, e.g. LTPs with a GPI-anchor belong to LTPg. LTPd and LTPg are encoded in all land plants which suggests that these were possibly the first LTP types that evolved in land plants. The most well-studied LTP types in flowering plants LTP1 and LTP2 probably evolved later since these are not found in liverworts, mosses or other non-seed plants (7). The LTPs are translated with an N-terminal signal peptide that has a potential to localize th...

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“…Among tomato fruit allergens, nsLTPs are of particular interest due to their high diffusion as plant allergens and the ability to induce cross-reactivity based allergenic reactions in predisposed subjects (Van Winkle and Chang, 2014). Lipid transfer proteins are ubiquitous in nature and are involved in the generic role of lipid transfer between membranes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under this complex scenario, the identification and analysis of new LTP molecules can provide additional data to unveil relationships among allergenicity and structural features, including stability to denaturing conditions. Furthermore, the availability of single allergens produced as recombinant proteins is considered of main value for allergology studies based on component-resolved diagnosis (Egger et al, 2010;HoffmannSommergruber and Mills, 2009;Luengo and Cardona, 2014;Valenta et al, 1999;Van Winkle and Chang, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression and characterization of a new isoform of the 9 kDa allergenic lipid transfer protein from tomato (variety San Marzano)

Volpicella

Leoni

Fanizza

et al. 2015

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

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The Biochemical Basis and Clinical Evidence of Food Allergy Due to Lipid Transfer Proteins: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 44 publications

References 80 publications

Can we identify patients at risk of life‐threatening allergic reactions to food?

Can we identify patients at risk of life‐threatening allergic reactions to food?

Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins?

Expression and characterization of a new isoform of the 9 kDa allergenic lipid transfer protein from tomato (variety San Marzano)

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