The Big Eddy Site: A Multicomponent Paleoindian Site on the Ozark Border, Southwest Missouri

Ray, Jack H.; Lopinot, Neal H.; Hajic, Edwin R.; Mandel, R. D.

doi:10.1080/2052546.1998.11931884

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Big Eddy. Big Eddy is a well stratified, multicomponent site in Missouri (46). A number of radiocarbon dates bracket the stratum containing the Clovis-aged assemblage, which yielded dated charcoal samples from the same lithological and cultural stratum 2 cm and 16 cm below a fluted projectile point.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial gradients in Clovis-age radiocarbon dates across North America suggest rapid colonization from the north

Hamilton

Buchanan

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

132

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A key issue in the debate over the initial colonization of North America is whether there are spatial gradients in the distribution of the Clovis-age occupations across the continent. Such gradients would help indicate the timing, speed, and direction of the colonization process. In their recent reanalysis of Clovis-age radiocarbon dates, Waters and Stafford [Waters MR, Stafford TW, Jr (2007) Science 315:1122-1126] report that they find no spatial patterning. Furthermore, they suggest that the brevity of the Clovis time period indicates that the Clovis culture represents the diffusion of a technology across a preexisting pre-Clovis population rather than a population expansion. In this article, we focus on two questions. First, we ask whether there is spatial patterning to the timing of Clovis-age occupations and, second, whether the observed speed of colonization is consistent with demic processes. With timedelayed wave-of-advance models, we use the radiocarbon record to test several alternative colonization hypotheses. We find clear spatial gradients in the distribution of these dates across North America, which indicate a rapid wave of advance originating from the north. We show that the high velocity of this wave can be accounted for by a combination of demographic processes, habitat preferences, and mobility biases across complex landscapes. Our results suggest that the Clovis-age archaeological record represents a rapid demic colonization event originating from the north.Early Paleoindian ͉ wave of advance ͉ landscape complexity ͉ hunter-gatherers ͉ Late Pleistocene

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial gradients in Clovis-age radiocarbon dates across North America suggest rapid colonization from the north

Hamilton

Buchanan

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

132

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“…All but a few of the 92 preforms found at Sloan were knapped from Lafayette (Crowley's Ridge) chert (Morse 1997:30). The majority of Lafayette chert cobbles are only 5-7 cm in diameter (Ray 1998), which is a limiting factor in the production of sizeable preforms. In contrast, cherts in the western Ozarks (e.g., Jefferson City, Chouteau, and Burlington) occur in much larger nodules and cobbles.…”

Section: Potentially Diagnostic Dalton and San Patrice Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At least two Late Paleoindian components are represented in the 3Ab horizon at the top of the early submember: Dalton and San Patrice (Ray et al 1998). The tentatively defined Wilson point may represent a third Late Paleoindian component.…”

Section: Site Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the final days of the project, at least one fluted point and an associated Early/ Middle Paleoindian artifact assemblage were recovered from the 3Btbl horizon immediately below the Late Paleoindian horizon. This represented the unprecedented discovery in midcontinental North America of a fluted-point horizon in an undisturbed, alluvial, stratified context below succeeding Dalton and San Patrice materials (Ray et al 1998). …”

Section: Clovis/gainey Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Sac River valley, Jefferson City chert occurs in six distinguishable varieties (oolitic, quartzitic, conglomeritic, banded, mottled, and ellipsoidal); however, a single nodule may contain attributes of two or more varieties and gradation from one variety to another is typical (Ray 1998). This gradation from one variety to another poses some difficulties in differentiating certain varieties of Jefferson City chert, particularly when artifact specimens are small.…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The 1997 Excavations at the Big Eddy Site (23CE426) in Southwest Missouri

Lopinot¹,

Ray²,

Conner³

1998

Self Cite

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The evolution of Paleoindian geochronology and typology on the Great Plains

Holliday

2000

Geoarchaeology

128

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The Great Plains contain many of the best‐known Paleoindian sites in North America, and a number of these localities were key to determining the chronology of Paleoindian occupations in the years before, during, and since the development of radiocarbon and other chronometric dating methods. Initial attempts at dating were based on correlation with extinct fauna, the “geologic‐climatic” dating method, and stratigraphic relationships of artifacts within sites. By the time radiocarbon dating was developed (1950), the basic Paleoindian sequence (oldest to youngest) was: Clovis‐Folsom‐unfluted lanceolates (such as Plainview, Eden, and Scottsbluff). Initial applications of radiocarbon dating in the 1950s did little to further resolve age relationships. In the 1960s, however, largely through the efforts of C. V. Haynes, a numerical geochronology of Paleoindian occupations on the Great Plains began to emerge On the Southern Great Plains the radiocarbon‐dated artifact chronology is: Clovis (11,600–11,000 yr B.P.); Folsom and Midland (10,900–10,100 yr B.P.); Plainview, Milnesand, and Lubbock (10,200–9800 yr B.P.); Firstview (9400–8200 yr B.P.); St. Mary's Hall, Golondrina, and Texas Angostura (9200–8000 yr B.P.). The chronology for the Northern Great Plains is: Clovis (11,200–10,900 yr B.P.); Goshen (ca. 11,000 yr B.P.); Folsom (10,900–10,200 yr B.P.); Agate Basin (10,500–10,000 yr B.P.); Hell Gap (10,500–9500 yr B.P.); Alberta, Alberta‐Cody (10,200–9400 yr B.P.); Cody (Eden‐Scottsbluff) (9400–8800 yr B.P.); Angostura, Jimmy Allen, Frederick, and other parallel‐oblique types (9400–7800 yr B.P.). Fifty years after the development of radiocarbon dating, the basic typological sequence has not changed significantly except for the realization that there probably was significant temporal overlap of some point types, and that the old unilinear sequence does not account for all the known typological variation. The chronology has been continually refined with the determination of hundreds of radiocarbon ages in recent decades. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The Big Eddy Site: A Multicomponent Paleoindian Site on the Ozark Border, Southwest Missouri

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Spatial gradients in Clovis-age radiocarbon dates across North America suggest rapid colonization from the north

Spatial gradients in Clovis-age radiocarbon dates across North America suggest rapid colonization from the north

The 1997 Excavations at the Big Eddy Site (23CE426) in Southwest Missouri

The evolution of Paleoindian geochronology and typology on the Great Plains

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