The bifidobacterial distribution in the microbiome of captive primates reflects parvorder and feed specialization of the host

Abstract

Bifidobacteria, which commonly inhabit the primate gut, are beneficial contributors to host wellbeing. Anatomical differences and natural habitat allow an arrangement of primates into two main parvorders; New World monkeys (NWM) and Old World monkeys (OWM). The number of newly described bifidobacterial species is clearly elevated in NWM. This corresponds to our finding that bifidobacteria were the dominant group of cultivated gut anaerobes in NWM, while their numbers halved in OWM and were often replaced by Clostridiaceae with sarcina morphology. We examined an extended MALDI-TOF MS database as a potential identification tool for rapid screening of bifidobacterial distribution in captive primates. Bifidobacterial isolates of NWM were assigned mainly to species of primate origin, while OWM possessed typically multi-host bifidobacteria. Moreover, bifidobacterial counts reflected the feed specialization of captive primates decreasing from frugivore-insectivores, gummivore-insectivores, frugivore-folivores to frugivore-omnivores. Amplicon sequencing analysis supported this trend with regards to the inverse ratio of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. In addition, a significantly higher diversity of the bacterial population in OWM was found. The evolution specialization of primates seems to be responsible for Bifidobacterium abundance and species occurrence. Balanced microbiota of captive primates could be supported by optimized prebiotic and probiotic stimulation based on the primate host.

Feed Insects as a Reservoir of Granadaene-Producing Lactococci

“…The rest of the isolates could not be taxonomically classified on genus and species level due to the limited number of Bifidobacterium spp. in the provider’s database and high species variability in primates ( Modrackova et al, 2021 ). In insect feed samples, total anaerobic bacterial (7.62 ± 0.76 log CFU g –1 ) and bifidobacterial counts were lower (WSP-MUP 3.57 ± 1.84 log CFU g –1 , WSP-NORF 4.32 ± 2.24 log CFU g –1 ).…”

“…Wilkins–Chalgren Anaerobe agar supplemented with 5 g L –1 GMO-Free Soya Peptone (both Oxoid, United Kingdom), 0.5 g L –1 L -cysteine, and 1 ml L –1 Tween 80 (WSP) was used to determine total counts of anaerobic bacteria. Two selective media WSP-NORF containing mupirocin 100 mg L –1 , norfloxacin 200 mg L –1 (both Oxoid), and 1 ml L –1 acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and WSP-MUP (identical composition without norfloxacin) were used for bifidobacterial detection according to the study by Modrackova et al (2021) . Plates were incubated anaerobically using GENbag anaer (bioMérieux, France) at 37°C for 2 days.…”

Bifidobacteria Define Gut Microbiome Profiles of Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) and Marmoset (Callithrix sp.) Metagenomic Shotgun Pools

“…In terms of bacterial taxa abundance in our metagenomic pool data set, we hypothesized that the GLT and Callithrix gut microbiome is enriched for Bifidobacterium, a bacterial genus is important for host carbohybrate metabolism 21,59,60 . Our hypothesis is based on evidence that Neotropical primates gut microbiomes are significantly enriched for this bacterial genus relative to Old World primates 61 . Further Callithrix and Leontopithecus are the two primate genera with the highest average abundance of bifidobacteria in the primate gut microbiome 21 .…”

“…Species of Bifidobacterium within the gut microbiome of Neotropical primate hosts seem to be specific to the host's taxon 61 . While one recent study of the gut microbime of wild and captive marmosets 19 could only determine that bacteria from the Bifidobacterium genus were present within the gut microbiome of sampled hosts, captive studies have found that B. callitrichos and B. myosotis are common within the Callithrix gut microbiome 21,[60][61][62] . We also show that Callithrix gut microbiome metagenomic pools were specifically enriched for B. callitrichos and B. myosotis.…”

Microbiome composition and presence of cultivable commensal groups of Southern Tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla) varies with captive conditions

“…FS collection and cultivation analysis were performed according to Modrackova et al [ 22 ] with some modifications. FS were collected in tubes containing a dilution buffer (5 g L −1 tryptone, 5 g L −1 nutrient broth No.…”