The beta-adrenergic blocking agents and the treatment of glaucoma

Zimmerman, Thom J.; Boger, William P.

doi:10.1016/0039-6257(79)90228-5

Cited by 110 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Other workers have reported a similar reduction in the contralateral eye after local timolol (Zimmerman & Kaufmann, 1977) and pilocarpine (Willetts, 1979) and by exerting simple pressure on one eye (Prijot & Stone, 1956). Smith et al (1979) showed that the effect of pindolol on the contralateral eye is unlikely to be due to systemic effect.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Local and systemic effects of pindolol eye drops.

Mekki¹,

Penhall²,

Edgar³

et al. 1983

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Local (reduction of intraocular pressure) and systemic (inhibition of exercise-induced tachycardia) effects of 1% and 0.25% pindolol eye drops have been studied in a balanced cross-over double-blind trial in 12 healthy volunteers. Both concentrations produced a comparable reduction in intraocular pressure while the inhibition of exercise tachycardia was significantly less with the lower concentration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Local and systemic effects of pindolol eye drops.

Mekki¹,

Penhall²,

Edgar³

et al. 1983

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…Several classes of neurotransmitter blockers are regularly used for the treatment of different type of disease conditions. In certain cardiovascular problems and glaucoma, beta blockers are used to block norepinephrine action [66]. Alpha blockers are used for psychiatric treatments.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurochemicals, Behaviours and Psychiatric Perspectives of Neurological Diseases

Choudhury¹,

Sahu²,

Ramanujam³

et al. 2018

Neuropsychiatry

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Structural changes in different regions of the brain have become clinically relevant and regarded as the signature phenomenon for neurological diseases. Morphological changes in brain are also associated with neuronal and neurochemical alterations. Studies have showed that minute changes in neurochemical levels may have marked impact on the psychobehaviour of the subject. Several neurological disease profiles have been reported with such specific psychobehavioural expression. However, application of behavioural abnormalities as possible disease progress markers has not been considered and emphasised much. Reports suggested that-the subjects, who have already entered into the terminal stage of the disease, used to show cardinal behavioural signs for a specific disease profile. However, psychological expressions are comparatively early expressive. As most of the neurodegenerative disorders are unidirectional and progressive by nature, therapeutic intervention at the right time is essential for attaining the desired outcome. Moreover, early diagnosis can aid in managing the disease progression also. Psychobehavioural analysis could meet the expected outcome of disease diagnosis if implemented properly and timely. In the present review, we have amalgamated the reported behavioural anomalies with the supportive background from neurochemical basis. Further, we have concluded that behaviour centric studies could be a potential diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of major neurological diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, Impulse control disorder (ICD) and Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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“…Timolol maleate, a b-adrenergic receptor antagonist, provides an average IOP reduction of 20-35%. 25,26 Since its approval, timolol maleate has become the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 'gold standard' drug for IOP reduction. 22 Timolol, however, has significant cardiac side effects and usually requires dosing twice per day to maintain a well-controlled IOP.…”

Section: Iop Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma

Lavik

Kuehn

Kwon

2011

Eye

137

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Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) by pharmaceutical or surgical means has long been the standard treatment for glaucoma. A number of excellent drugs are available that are effective in reducing IOP. These drugs are typically applied as eye drops. However, patient adherence can be poor, thus reducing the clinical efficacy of the drugs. Several novel delivery systems designed to address the issue of adherence and to ensure consistent reduction of IOP are currently under development. These delivery systems include contact lensesreleasing glaucoma medications, injectables such as biodegradable micro-and nanoparticles, and surgically implanted systems. These new technologies are aimed at increasing clinical efficacy by offering multiple delivery options and are capable of managing IOP for several months. There is also a desire to have complementary neuroprotective approaches for those who continue to show progression, despite IOP reduction. Many potential neuroprotective agents are not suitable for traditional oral or drop formulations. Their potential is dependent on developing suitable delivery systems that can provide the drugs in a sustained, local manner to the retina and optic nerve. Drug delivery systems have the potential to improve patient adherence, reduce side effects, increase efficacy, and ultimately, preserve sight for glaucoma patients. In this review, we discuss benefits and limitations of the current systems of delivery and application, as well as those on the horizon.

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The beta-adrenergic blocking agents and the treatment of glaucoma

Cited by 110 publications

References 87 publications

Local and systemic effects of pindolol eye drops.

Local and systemic effects of pindolol eye drops.

Neurochemicals, Behaviours and Psychiatric Perspectives of Neurological Diseases

Novel drug delivery systems for glaucoma

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