The best algorithm to confirm the diagnosis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in at-risk individuals from São Paulo, Brazil

Costa, Emanuela Avelar Silva; Magri, Mariana Cavalheiro; Caterino–de–Araujo, Adele

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.02.018

Cited by 42 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This finding may be explained by the use of HAART, which caused the viral load of HIV and probably that of HTLV to be under the detection limit of the respective assays used, as previously described. 14,26 In fact, all except three patients had detectable HIV viral loads in the present study (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

“…[22][23][24][25] Concerning the sensitivities of the assays for detecting HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in HIV-infected individuals, we confirmed the results of previous studies conducted in our laboratory that have demonstrated difficulties in diagnosing HTLV-2 in HIV/AIDS patients. [11][12][13][14]20 The low sensitivity of the PCR assay in the present study was not due to low-quality DNA samples because the internal albumin control showed positive results. This finding may be explained by the use of HAART, which caused the viral load of HIV and probably that of HTLV to be under the detection limit of the respective assays used, as previously described.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV/AIDS Patients in São Paulo, Brazil

Caterino–de–Araujo

Sacchi²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 2015

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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During the 1990s, high prevalences of HIV/human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HIV/human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) coinfections were detected in São Paulo, Brazil in association with intravenous drug use (IDU). The current prevalences and risk factors for HIV/HTLV-1/-2 were evaluated in 1,608 patients attending the AIDS/STD Reference and Training Center in São Paulo. Blood samples were analyzed for HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies using enzyme immunoassays (EIA Murex HTLV-I + II, Diasorin, and Gold ELISA HTLV-I + II, REM) and immunoblotting (HTLV Blot 2.4, MP Biomedicals and INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II, Innogenetics) and for the pol proviral DNA segments of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 by ''in-house'' realtime PCR. These analyses revealed that 50 (3.11%) of the samples were HTLV positive, including 25 (1.55%) that were HTLV-1 positive, 21 (1.31%) that were HTLV-2 positive, and 4 (0.25%) that were HTLV positive (untypeable). The median age of the HIV/HTLV-coinfected individuals was 50 years versus 44 years in the overall population ( p = 0.000). The risk factors associated with HIV/HTLV-1/-2 coinfections were female gender (OR 3.26, 1.78-5.95), black/pardo color (OR 2.21, 1.21-4.03), infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (OR 4.27,) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR 24.40,, and intravenous drug use (IDU) (OR 30.01,. The current low prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-infected patients in São Paulo could be explained in part by programs providing IDUs with sterile needles and syringes and changes in the drug usage patterns of individuals from injecting cocaine to smoking crack cocaine.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV/AIDS Patients in São Paulo, Brazil

Caterino–de–Araujo

Sacchi²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 2015

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…The improvement in the diagnosis for HTLV has been necessary to reduce inconclusive results and to avoid unnecessary follow-up to define the status of infection Costa et al, 2011). In endemic areas, indeterminate WB results can range from 0.02% to 50%.…”

Section: Htlv-1/2 Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many protocols for HTLV diagnosis by PCR has been developed in-house, with no commercial tests yet licensed. PCR for HTLV-1 and 2 has been particularly useful for: investigation of neonatal transmission, since the serological tests in infants can detect maternal antibodies ; discrimination between infection by type 1 or type 2 virus; definition of dual infection (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2); definition of virus subtypes; diagnostic in subjects with suspected of seroconversion; and resolution of cases with seroindeterminate results (Andrade et al, 2010, Costa et al, 2011Waters et al, 2011). Since HTLV not presents large quantities of viral RNA circulating, the use of plasma or serum is not suitable for HTLV molecular diagnosis.…”

Section: Htlv-1/2 Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, different biological samples containing potentially infected cells may be used for virus identification, in case of specific research studies. Currently, real-time PCR has been preferentially employed over conventional PCR because of its very higher sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, easeness of performance and rapidity in obtaining results, showing be viable to substitute confirmatory serological test for HTLV-1/2 diagnosis (Andrade et al, 2010, Costa et al, 2011Waters et al, 2011).…”

Section: Htlv-1/2 Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)

Martins¹,

Andrade²,

Nédir³

et al. 2012

Blood Transfusion in Clinical Practice

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Confirmatory molecular method for HTLV‐1/2 infection in high‐risk pregnant women

Medeiros

Vidal

Linsingen

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) are transmitted through sexual intercourse, transfusion of blood components, and vertical transmission, predominantly through breastfeeding. Six hundred forty-three pregnant women from a high-risk prenatal care unit at a general hospital were tested by serological tests using chemiluminescence (CMIA) for screening, followed by a molecular confirmatory test. Four patients (0.6%) tested positive for HTLV-1/2 by CMIA, two samples (0.3%) for each patient were confirmed as having HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 by PCR. The results show the importance of inclusion of HTLV-1/2 screening for pregnant women in high-risk prenatal care and the need for a molecular biological method to confirm HTLV-1/2 infection.

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The best algorithm to confirm the diagnosis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in at-risk individuals from São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 42 publications

References 30 publications

Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV/AIDS Patients in São Paulo, Brazil

Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV/AIDS Patients in São Paulo, Brazil

Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)

Confirmatory molecular method for HTLV‐1/2 infection in high‐risk pregnant women

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