The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor, BERM

Pinto, Marco; Sánchez–Cano, Beatriz; Moissl, R.; Benkhoff, J.; Cardoso, Carlota; Gonçalves, P.; Assis, P.; Vainio, Rami; Oleynik, P.; Lehtolainen, Arto; Grandé, M.; Marques, Arlindo

doi:10.1007/s11214-022-00922-2

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor (BERM) on board the BepiColombo mission (Benkhoff et al 2010) is an instrument that is part of the housekeeping suite of the European Mercury Planetary Orbiter. BERM is designed to measure the radiation environment encountered by BepiColombo during its cruise phase and after orbit insertion at Mercury, being one of the few instruments that is operated continuously since its launch in 2018 (Pinto et al 2022). BERM measures electrons with energies from ∼170 keV to ∼10 MeV, protons from ∼1.35 to ∼160 MeV, and heavy ions with Linear Energy Transfer from 1 to 50 MeV mg −1 cm 2 .…”

Section: Bepicolombomentioning

confidence: 99%

Jovian Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere: Opportunities for Multi-spacecraft Observations and Modeling

Strauss,

Dresing,

Engelbrecht

et al. 2024

ApJ

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In this paper we explore the idea of using multi-spacecraft observations of Jovian electrons to measure the 3D distribution of these particles in the inner heliosphere. We present simulations of Jovian electron intensities along selected spacecraft trajectories for 2021 and compare these, admittedly qualitatively, to these measurements. Using the data–model comparison we emphasize how such a study can be used to constrain the transport parameters in the inner heliosphere, and how this can lead to additional insight into energetic particle transport. Model results are also shown along the expected trajectories of selected spacecraft, including the off-ecliptic phase of the Solar Orbiter mission from 2025 onward. Lastly, we revisit the use of historical data and discuss upcoming missions that may contribute to Jovian electron measurements.

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Section: Bepicolombomentioning

confidence: 99%

Jovian Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere: Opportunities for Multi-spacecraft Observations and Modeling

Strauss,

Dresing,

Engelbrecht

et al. 2024

ApJ

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“…Next, we compare the in situ data and simulation results at Bepi, which was located at 0.33 au from the Sun and 2°west of Earth at the onset of the SEP event. The top panel of Figure 7 shows the modeled proton intensities (blue line) from PARADISE together with the count rates (orange line) measured in the 1.5-5.9 MeV proton channel of the BepiColombo Radiation Monitor (BERM; Pinto et al 2022). The second panel of Figure 7 shows the magnetic field magnitude measured by the magnetometer on board Bepi's Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO-MAG; Heyner et al 2021), together with the modeled magnetic field from EUHFORIA.…”

Section: Comparison Between the Observations And The Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Ambient Solar Wind Medium on a CME-driven Shock and the Associated Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Event

Wijsen

Lario

Sánchez‐Cano

et al. 2023

ApJ

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We present simulation results of a gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) event detected on 2021 October 9 by multiple spacecraft, including BepiColombo (Bepi) and near-Earth spacecraft such as the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). A peculiarity of this event is that the presence of a high-speed stream (HSS) affected the low-energy ion component (≲5 MeV) of the gradual SEP event at both Bepi and ACE, despite the HSS having only a modest solar wind speed increase. Using the EUHFORIA (European Heliospheric FORecasting Information Asset) magnetohydrodynamic model, we replicate the solar wind during the event and the coronal mass ejection (CME) that generated it. We then combine these results with the energetic particle transport model PARADISE (PArticle Radiation Asset Directed at Interplanetary Space Exploration). We find that the structure of the CME-driven shock was affected by the nonuniform solar wind, especially near the HSS, resulting in a shock wave front with strong variations in its properties such as its compression ratio and obliquity. By scaling the emission of energetic particles from the shock to the solar wind compression at the shock, an excellent match between the PARADISE simulation and in situ measurements of ≲5 MeV ions is obtained. Our modeling shows that the intricate intensity variations observed at both ACE and Bepi were influenced by the nonuniform emission of energetic particles from the deformed shock wave and demonstrates the influence of even modest background solar wind structures on the development of SEP events.

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“…• Comet 67P: We use the Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) (Evans et al, 2008;Honig et al, 2019), which provides intensity of detections in counts for protons and electrons in 15 different channels starting at ∼0.8 MeV for electrons and ∼2 MeV for protons. • BepiColombo: We use the BepiColombo Radiation Monitor (BERM), which measures electrons with energies from ∼100 keV to ∼10 MeV and protons with energies from 1.35 to ∼100 MeV (Pinto et al, 2022). We also use the BepiColombo Planetary Magnetometer (MPO-MAG) for the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) context (Heyner et al, 2021) in ecliptic J2000 coordinates.…”

Section: Other Scientific Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We note that data from the Liulin‐MO dosimeter, which forms part of the FREND instrument on the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, were not available at the time that the present study began, but are now available at the ESA PSA. Venus: We use the background particle detections from the Venus Express Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐4) instrument (Barabash et al., 2007), similar to ASPERA‐3 in Mars Express (Futaana et al., 2022). Comet 67P: We use the Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) (Evans et al., 2008; Honig et al., 2019), which provides intensity of detections in counts for protons and electrons in 15 different channels starting at ∼0.8 MeV for electrons and ∼2 MeV for protons. BepiColombo: We use the BepiColombo Radiation Monitor (BERM), which measures electrons with energies from ∼100 keV to ∼10 MeV and protons with energies from 1.35 to ∼100 MeV (Pinto et al., 2022). We also use the BepiColombo Planetary Magnetometer (MPO‐MAG) for the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) context (Heyner et al., 2021) in ecliptic J2000 coordinates. Solar Orbiter: We use penetrating particle observations from the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) (Rodríguez‐Pacheco et al., 2020; Wimmer‐Schweingruber et al., 2021).…”

Section: Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BepiColombo: We use the BepiColombo Radiation Monitor (BERM), which measures electrons with energies from ∼100 keV to ∼10 MeV and protons with energies from 1.35 to ∼100 MeV (Pinto et al., 2022). We also use the BepiColombo Planetary Magnetometer (MPO‐MAG) for the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) context (Heyner et al., 2021) in ecliptic J2000 coordinates.…”

Section: Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solar Energetic Particle Events Detected in the Housekeeping Data of the European Space Agency's Spacecraft Flotilla in the Solar System

Sánchez‐Cano,

Witasse,

Knutsen

et al. 2023

Space Weather

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Despite the growing importance of planetary Space Weather forecasting and radiation protection for science and robotic exploration and the need for accurate Space Weather monitoring and predictions, only a limited number of spacecraft have dedicated instrumentation for this purpose. However, every spacecraft (planetary or astronomical) has hundreds of housekeeping sensors distributed across the spacecraft, some of which can be useful to detect radiation hazards produced by solar particle events. In particular, energetic particles that impact detectors and subsystems on a spacecraft can be identified by certain housekeeping sensors, such as the Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) memory counters, and their effects can be assessed. These counters typically have a sudden large increase in a short time in their error counts that generally match the arrival of energetic particles to the spacecraft. We investigate these engineering datasets for scientific purposes and perform a feasibility study of solar energetic particle event detections using EDAC counters from seven European Space Agency Solar System missions: Venus Express, Mars Express, ExoMars‐Trace Gas Orbiter, Rosetta, BepiColombo, Solar Orbiter, and Gaia. Six cases studies, in which the same event was observed by different missions at different locations in the inner Solar System are analyzed. The results of this study show how engineering sensors, for example, EDAC counters, can be used to infer information about the solar particle environment at each spacecraft location. Therefore, we demonstrate the potential of the various EDAC to provide a network of solar particle detections at locations where no scientific observations of this kind are available.

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The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor, BERM

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Jovian Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere: Opportunities for Multi-spacecraft Observations and Modeling

Jovian Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere: Opportunities for Multi-spacecraft Observations and Modeling

The Effect of the Ambient Solar Wind Medium on a CME-driven Shock and the Associated Gradual Solar Energetic Particle Event

Solar Energetic Particle Events Detected in the Housekeeping Data of the European Space Agency's Spacecraft Flotilla in the Solar System

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