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THE use of diuretics to prevent clot retention following prostatectomy is well known (McKelvie, 1962; Mihailides and Amsler, 1966;Rickwood and Thorne, 1967;Essenhigh and Eustace, 1969). When diuretics are used in this manner there is also an associated reduction in the incidence of urinary infection. It has been suggested that when urea is used to promote diuresis, it exerts a direct bactericidal effect (Schlegel et al., 1961). However, a similar reduction in the incidence of infection is seen when Lasix is used (Essenhigh and Eustace, 1969) and recent observations by O' Grady andCattell (1966), andSylwester (1965) suggest that a high urinary flow rate alone may prevent infection by simple mechanical means.We have used Lasix for some time to prevent clot retention following prostatectomy and felt that it would be worth extending its administration throughout the period of catheterisation in an endeavour to lower the infection rate still further. This paper records our findings in a group of patients treated in this manner. Material andMethod.-A group of 5 1 consecutive patients undergoing prostatectomy was investigated. These patients were unselected, of ages ranging from 45 to 85, and included many with associated disease particularly pulmonary and cardiovascular, and diabetes. No patient was refused operation. One patient died following a cerebrovascular accident 24 hours after operation, and is not included in the series. One patient underwent operation twice; this survey therefore consists of a total of 51 operations on 50 patients.Prostatectomy was performed by one of 3 methods-retropubic, transvesical or transurethral. Free drainage of the bladder into a sterile urine bag was used post-operatively via a Foley or whistle-tipped catheter. Bladder washouts and irrigation were avoided wherever possible, and catheters were removed as soon as the urine was macroscopically free of bloodusualiy 1-3 days post-operatively.Lasix and intravenous fluids were administered according to the scheme shown in Table I. The detailed management of prostatectomy using Lasix has been previously described (Essenhigh and Eustace, 1969), and this system is identical, with the addition of oral Lasix until the catheter is removed.Urine volume was recorded during the period of catheter drainage. Urine cultures were obtained routinely pre-operatively, on removal of the catheter, 2-3 days afterwards, and finally 6 weeks after operation. Antibiotics or sulphonamides were given only if indicated clinically, and were not used routinely.The rate of turnover of urine in the bladder was also investigated in some patients, using radioactive Hippuran. This has proved to be a more complex problem than was originally thought and details of this study are outlined below.Hippuran Study.-Substances such as sodium iodohippurate (Hippuran) do not attach themselves to the bladder wall and so should be cleared from the bladder by purely physical means. A theoretical analysis (similar to that of O'Grady and Cattell) shows that if a bladder
THE use of diuretics to prevent clot retention following prostatectomy is well known (McKelvie, 1962; Mihailides and Amsler, 1966;Rickwood and Thorne, 1967;Essenhigh and Eustace, 1969). When diuretics are used in this manner there is also an associated reduction in the incidence of urinary infection. It has been suggested that when urea is used to promote diuresis, it exerts a direct bactericidal effect (Schlegel et al., 1961). However, a similar reduction in the incidence of infection is seen when Lasix is used (Essenhigh and Eustace, 1969) and recent observations by O' Grady andCattell (1966), andSylwester (1965) suggest that a high urinary flow rate alone may prevent infection by simple mechanical means.We have used Lasix for some time to prevent clot retention following prostatectomy and felt that it would be worth extending its administration throughout the period of catheterisation in an endeavour to lower the infection rate still further. This paper records our findings in a group of patients treated in this manner. Material andMethod.-A group of 5 1 consecutive patients undergoing prostatectomy was investigated. These patients were unselected, of ages ranging from 45 to 85, and included many with associated disease particularly pulmonary and cardiovascular, and diabetes. No patient was refused operation. One patient died following a cerebrovascular accident 24 hours after operation, and is not included in the series. One patient underwent operation twice; this survey therefore consists of a total of 51 operations on 50 patients.Prostatectomy was performed by one of 3 methods-retropubic, transvesical or transurethral. Free drainage of the bladder into a sterile urine bag was used post-operatively via a Foley or whistle-tipped catheter. Bladder washouts and irrigation were avoided wherever possible, and catheters were removed as soon as the urine was macroscopically free of bloodusualiy 1-3 days post-operatively.Lasix and intravenous fluids were administered according to the scheme shown in Table I. The detailed management of prostatectomy using Lasix has been previously described (Essenhigh and Eustace, 1969), and this system is identical, with the addition of oral Lasix until the catheter is removed.Urine volume was recorded during the period of catheter drainage. Urine cultures were obtained routinely pre-operatively, on removal of the catheter, 2-3 days afterwards, and finally 6 weeks after operation. Antibiotics or sulphonamides were given only if indicated clinically, and were not used routinely.The rate of turnover of urine in the bladder was also investigated in some patients, using radioactive Hippuran. This has proved to be a more complex problem than was originally thought and details of this study are outlined below.Hippuran Study.-Substances such as sodium iodohippurate (Hippuran) do not attach themselves to the bladder wall and so should be cleared from the bladder by purely physical means. A theoretical analysis (similar to that of O'Grady and Cattell) shows that if a bladder
SUMMARYOne hundred and ten patients undergoing open prostatectomy had an induced diuresis using frusemide. The results of this treatment are reviewed. Seventy-one patients (65 per cent) presented as emergencies with acute retention, while the remainder presented with chronic retention or prostatism. The average age was 69 years, and 25 patients (23 per cent) were aged 75 years or more. Only rarely was a patient refused operation because of confinement to bed or failing mental faculties. Blood-loss, fluid and electrolyte balance, and postoperative urinary infection were studied in detail, and the following points are emphasized :-I . The average postoperative ~+hour urinary output was 4.5 litres, 40 per cent of which was passed in the first 3 hours when the danger of clot retention is greatest.2. Clot retention was eliminated as a problem, and bladder wash-outs were not necessary.3. The average blood replacement was 1.05 U., and the average fall in postoperative haemoglobin level was 1.1 g.4. The postoperative urinary infection rate was low, being 8 per cent at I week after operation.5. A low morbidity was recorded and the mortality was 0.9 per cent.A vigorous diuresis induced by frusemide after suitable fluid loading is both effective and safe. It is a distinct advance over previous methods used. THE immediate complication after prostatectomy is haemorrhage, and its possible sequel, clot retention. In general, the threat of this complication is present only in the first few hours after operation. The other important complication, urinary infection, is potentiated by excessive bleeding and poor bladder drainage necessitating interference with the catheter. Any method which ensures a free flow of urine will reduce these hazards. A large urinary secretion will dilute and prevent the clotting of blood that is being shed in the immediate postoperative period. Also, by removing the environment which is favourable to bacterial growth, urinary infection may be prevented.Osmotic diuretics have been extensively used in prostatic surgery. McKelvie in 1962 and Rickwood and Thorne in 1967 reported good results using intravenous urea. Jameson in 1969 described the use of mannitol and intramuscular frusemide in 80 cases. Recently, Essenhigh and Eustace (1969) have described the use of frusemide administered intravenously in a larger dose in a series of 50 cases.
This article reviews the results of active management of post‐prostatectomy bleeding in a series of 3,219 patients with an overall mortality of 1–6%. One hundred and thirty‐six patients with heavy bleeding or clot retention after prostatectomy were returned to the operating theatre for 162 procedures. Early clot evacuation and hcemostasis with the use of a resectoscope produced satisfactory control in 124 of the 136 patients so treated. Packing of the prostatic fossa, either at the time of prostatectomy or after failed early endoscopic was performed 26 times with good control of bleeding, but introduced an abtreciable measure of morbidity associated with the suprapubic wound
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