The beneficial effect of synbiotics consumption on Alzheimer's disease mouse model via reducing local and systemic inflammation

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that impairs multiple memory domains without an effective prevention or treatment approach. Amyloid plaque‐induced neuroinflammation exacerbates neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in AD. To reduce neuroinflammation, we applied prebiotics or synbiotics to modulate the gut–brain axis in the AD mouse model. AD‐like deficits were reduced in mice treated with synbiotics, suggesting that dietary modulation of the gut–brain axis is a potential approach to delay AD progression.

The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment

“…A growing body of evidence suggests their potentiality as adjuvant therapy in different neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and PD [ 126 ]. Recently, some studies are also considering the use of prebiotics for AD prevention/therapy, with promising results [ 124 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ]. For example, yeast beta glucans administration to mouse models of AD proved effective in re-establishing the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gut microbiome species, promoting SCFAs production and limiting neuroinflammation and insulin resistance [ 127 ].…”

“…Similar results were also obtained in both rats and mice models of AD via oral administration of Marinda officinalis -derived oligosaccharides, reporting improved memory and learning ability, together with a decrease in plaque formation, oxidative stress, and overall inflammation [ 134 , 135 ]. Although the mechanism of action of the above-mentioned prebiotics is not totally clear, the capability of these molecules to sustain gut microbiota diversity and stability might be at the basis of these improvements [ 127 , 132 , 134 ]. This hypothesis is reinforced by recent evidence showing that a combination of probiotics and prebiotics (so-called synbiotics) seems to be more effective in increasing neurogenesis and reducing local and systemic inflammation compared to prebiotics alone [ 132 ].…”

“…Although the mechanism of action of the above-mentioned prebiotics is not totally clear, the capability of these molecules to sustain gut microbiota diversity and stability might be at the basis of these improvements [ 127 , 132 , 134 ]. This hypothesis is reinforced by recent evidence showing that a combination of probiotics and prebiotics (so-called synbiotics) seems to be more effective in increasing neurogenesis and reducing local and systemic inflammation compared to prebiotics alone [ 132 ].…”

Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease: How to Study and Apply Their Relationship

“…Recently, high-throughput sequencing of the full 16S gene has been applied widely to investigate the relationship between GM and AD [ 149 , 150 , 151 ]. Low-throughput sequencing methods used the polymorphisms within the gene to distinguish strains or subspecies.…”

“…Similar results were seen in rodent models of AD treated with Marinda officinalis -derived oligosaccharides, with the effect of improved memory and learning ability [ 36 , 148 ]. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, prebiotic administration may be beneficial in the treatment of AD [ 148 , 149 ]. Moreover, a combination of probiotics and prebiotics (or synbiotics) seems to be more effective in increasing neurogenesis and reducing neuroinflammation as compared to prebiotics alone [ 149 ].…”