The Bellagio Task Force Report on transplantation, bodily integrity, and the international traffic in organs

Rothman, David J.; Rose, Eric A.; Awaya, Tsuyoshi; Cohen, Bevin; Daar, Abdallah S.; Дземешкевич, С Л; Lee, C.J.; Munro, Ruth; Vila-Reyes, Helena; Rothman, Sheila M.; Schoen, Keith; Scheper‐Hughes, Nancy; Shapira, Z.; Smit, H.

doi:10.1016/s0041-1345(97)00577-0

Cited by 71 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Unfortunately, based on negative associations, the concept of transplant tourism has become emotionally charged. For example, 'organ brokers', 'agents' and 'organ trafficking' are frequently mentioned in the same breath as transplant tourism, even though it has long been an established practice (35,36). Such language narrows the debate, and biases the process of argumentation (37).…”

Section: Reflections On Position Statements Concerning Transplant Toumentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnocentrism Is an Unacceptable Rationale for Health Care Policy: A Critique of Transplant Tourism Position Statements

Evans

2008

American Journal of Transplantation

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Medical tourism has emerged as a global health care phenomenon, valued at $60 billion worldwide in 2006. Transplant tourism, unlike other more benign forms of medical tourism, has become a flashpoint within the transplant community, underscoring the uneasy relationships among science, religion, politics, ethics and international health care policies concerning the commercialization of transplantation. Numerous professional associations have drafted or issued position statements condemning transplant tourism. Often the criticism is misdirected. The real issue concerns both the source and circumstances surrounding the procurement of donor organs, including commercialization. Unfortunately, many of the position statements circulated to date represent an ethnocentric and decidedly western view of transplantation. As such, the merits of culturally insensitive policy statements issued by otherwise well-intended transplant professionals, and the organizations they represent, must be evaluated within the broader context of foreign relations and diplomacy, as well as cultural and ethical relativity. Having done so, many persons may find themselves reluctant to endorse statements that have produced a misleading social desirability bias, which, to a great extent, has impeded more thoughtful and inclusive deliberations on the issues. Therefore, instead of taking an official position on policy matters concerning the commercial aspects of transplantation, international professional associations should offer culturally respectful guidance.

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Section: Reflections On Position Statements Concerning Transplant Toumentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnocentrism Is an Unacceptable Rationale for Health Care Policy: A Critique of Transplant Tourism Position Statements

Evans

2008

American Journal of Transplantation

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“…Over the last several decades, transplantation "transformed from an experimental procedure performed in a handful of tertiary medical centers in highly developed western countries to a therapeutic intervention carried out in hospitals and clinics worldwide" ( [151], p. 2739). As the practice spread in availability and developed into a viable option for end-stage organ failure, dramatic imbalances between organ supply and demand arose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taiwan, like China, had used executed prisoners as a source for organs throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s [39,151]. In 1991, 14 Taiwanese prisoners were executed, seeing a total of 37 organs removed and used for transplants ([152], p. 220).…”

Section: Global Hotspots: China Egypt and Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, "in the early 1990s, the British Medical Association challenged surgeons in Taiwan about [the] practice" ( [153], p. 54), while Amnesty International (AI) and various medical associations began to send letters to different branches of the Taiwanese government [154]. The pressure and notoriety would prove telling as Taiwan banned the practice in 1994 [38,151]. In response to Taiwan's policy change, many local Taiwanese "began to travel to [mainland China] to purchase organs there" [39].…”

Section: Global Hotspots: China Egypt and Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epistemic Communities, Human Rights, and the Global Diffusion of Legislation against the Organ Trade

Amahazion¹

2016

Social Sciences

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Over the past several decades, over 100 countries have passed legislation banning commercial organ transplantation. What explains this rapid, global diffusion of laws? Based on qualitative data from in-depth interviews, historical analysis, and secondary sources, this paper explores the role played by the medical epistemic community and human rights in the global spread of laws against the organ trade. In addition to shaping, guiding, and influencing norms and approaches to transplantation, the epistemic community has been instrumental in the development of various resolutions, policy initiatives, recommended practices, statements, legislation, and model laws. Moreover, the epistemic community helped position the organ trade as an issue of societal and global importance, and it persistently encouraged states to undertake actions, such as implementing legislation, to combat the organ trade. Critically, the epistemic community's efforts against the organ trade incorporated the concepts of human rights, integrity, and dignity, which had diffused globally and become institutionalized in the period after WWII.

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“…The issues relating to the integrity and wholeness of the human body are also ethical problems that need to be mentioned. 12 Some cultures still abhor any form of mutilation of the living or dead body for any purpose at all, even though most religions now approve of cadaver organ donation on the basis of brotherly love, doing good, and sustaining life.…”

Section: Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical issues in kidney transplantation – reflections from Nigeria

Fadare¹,

Salako²

2010

TRRM

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Abstract:Organ transplantation has become a life-saving procedure for many disease conditions hitherto considered incurable. Kidney transplantation, now the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease, is the commonest solid organ transplantation carried out in the world at the moment and it is the only solid organ transplantation done in Nigeria. This procedure, in addition to prolonging lives, also provides better quality of life and is evaluated as cost-effective, because it makes more resources available to other sectors of the economy. Organ transplantation in general and kidney transplantation in particular are fraught with ethical issues and dilemmas worldwide. Some of the ethical issues arising in the setting of developing countries like Nigeria may differ from those in countries where this procedure is established. Informed consent of the donor and the recipient is a major requirement for both organ donation and transplantation. Regarding donation, the ethical issues may differ depending on the type of organ donation, ie, whether it is living-related, living-unrelated, cadaveric, or from brain-dead individuals. Commodification of organs is identified as an ethical dilemma, and arguments for and against this practice are put forward here. Confidentiality of donor information, fairness and equity in donor selection, and access to kidney transplantation when needed are also discussed. Finally, the issue of safety of organ harvesting for the donor and of the transplantation process itself, and the possible long-term consequences for both parties are investigated.

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The Bellagio Task Force Report on transplantation, bodily integrity, and the international traffic in organs

Cited by 71 publications

References 6 publications

Ethnocentrism Is an Unacceptable Rationale for Health Care Policy: A Critique of Transplant Tourism Position Statements

Ethnocentrism Is an Unacceptable Rationale for Health Care Policy: A Critique of Transplant Tourism Position Statements

Epistemic Communities, Human Rights, and the Global Diffusion of Legislation against the Organ Trade

Ethical issues in kidney transplantation – reflections from Nigeria

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The Bellagio Task Force Report on transplantation, bodily integrity, and the international traffic in organs

Cited by 71 publications

References 6 publications

Ethnocentrism Is an Unacceptable Rationale for Health Care Policy: A Critique of Transplant Tourism Position Statements

Ethnocentrism Is an Unacceptable Rationale for Health Care Policy: A Critique of Transplant Tourism Position Statements

Epistemic Communities, Human Rights, and the Global Diffusion of Legislation against the Organ Trade

Ethical issues in kidney transplantation &ndash; reflections from Nigeria

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Ethical issues in kidney transplantation – reflections from Nigeria