The behavioral ecology and conservation of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): A tale of two islands

Delgado, Roberto A.; Schaik, Carel P. van

doi:10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:5<201::aid-evan2>3.3.co;2-p

Cited by 203 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…The inclusion criteria were that the participants had to be 20–60 years of age and have one of the following ICD-10 codes (WHO, 1992) as their primary diagnosis: psychiatric diagnosis of adjustment disorder and reaction to severe stress (ICD-F43.0–9, minus 1 = PTSD). This level of stress was considered to correspond to 3–24 months of inability to work.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a medical perspective, Netterstrøm (2014) defines stress as, “[…] a state in the organism characterized by physiological responses with activation of the sympathetic nervous system, immune system and energy mobilization and mental activation due to strain of a psychological, physical, chemical or biological kind […]” (p. 14). Stress is not regarded as an illness and, therefore, the diagnosis of individuals suffering from stress is based on multidimensional stress-related symptoms (Aldwin, 2009), which are categorized in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) (WHO, 1992). From a phenomenological perspective, people who suffer from illness, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“I look at my own forest and fields in a different way”: the lived experience of nature-based therapy in a therapy garden when suffering from stress-related illness

Sidenius

Stigsdotter

Poulsen

et al. 2017

International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well

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Evidence confirms that nature-based therapy (NBT) has a positive effect on people with mental illnesses. However, there is a lack of evidence on the meaning of NBT for specific patient groups. The Nacadia® Therapy Garden was designed according to an evidence-based design process, and an NBT programme was developed. The aim of the study was to illuminate the phenomenon of participants’ lived experience of the NBT in Nacadia. Fourteen participants took part in semi-structured interviews (SSIs), and by way of reflective lifeworld research, the SSIs were analysed to identify and describe the meanings of the phenomenon. The essence of the phenomenon was found to be a process of adopting a searching approach to NBT and Nacadia to become familiar with the conditions. This familiarity stimulated the development of confidentiality and attachment to Nacadia. Feeling protected, safe, cared for, and not exposed was important, and motivated feelings of freedom, reduced demands, and increased the ability to access and try a spectrum of NBT activities. It encouraged participants to develop personal approaches and coping strategies to implement in their everyday lives for moving on.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I look at my own forest and fields in a different way”: the lived experience of nature-based therapy in a therapy garden when suffering from stress-related illness

Sidenius

Stigsdotter

Poulsen

et al. 2017

International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well

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“…That is, only flanged adult males produce these vocalizations. There are two classes of sexually mature males -sometimes referred to as adult and subadult, developed and undeveloped, or flanged and unflanged (MacKinnon 1974;Knott 1999;Delgado & van Schaik 2000). However, only one of the classes (i.e.…”

Section: Geographic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only one of the classes (i.e. the adult, developed or flanged form) expresses secondary sexual characteristics such as (1) larger body size; (2) fatty cheek flanges; (3) a pendulous throat sac; and (4) periodic long call production (MacKinnon 1974;Knott 1999;Delgado & van Schaik 2000). Several reports have indicated qualitative differences in long call properties between populations (e.g.…”

Section: Geographic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the function of orangutan long calls is still contended (Delgado 2006) and the exact nature of the orangutan's social organization remains to be elucidated, behavioral observations suggest that adult males use long calls to communicate to conspecifics over long distances and to maintain a network of associations within a loosely knit community structure (MacKinnon 1974;van Schaik & van Hooff 1996;Delgado & van Schaik 2000). More importantly, in contrast to chimpanzees, male orangutans are much less gregarious, often described as semi-solitary, and do not bond with one another (MacKinnon 1974;Galdikas 1985;van Hooff 1995;van Schaik & van Hooff 1996).…”

Section: Geographic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographic Variation in the Long Calls of Male Orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Delgado

2007

Ethology

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Relatively few data exist on population differences in the vocal behavior of mammals. Geographic variation in calls is of special interest because of the implications for resolving evolutionary and behavioral questions. For example, information on geographic variation in vocalizations complements morphological and molecular data used to infer phylogenetic relationships and provides evidence for the mechanisms underlying call development. A quantitative acoustic analysis of orangutan long calls was undertaken, comparing flanged adult males from four geographically distinct sites across Borneo and Sumatra, revealing consistent differences among the calls of individuals. Long calls produced by orangutans from the four sites in Borneo and Sumatra differ in quantitative acoustic measures. Discriminant function analysis reveals that acoustic variables can be used in combination to assign calls to the correct individual, site and island at rates higher than that expected by chance. Specifically, four acoustic parameters proved reliable for distinguishing among the individuals, between sites, and across the two islands that arguably represent populations from separate species or subspecies. Although Bornean and Sumatran long calls share a repetitive structure and show similar call rates (0.100–0.500 LCs/h) and maximum frequency bands (0.400–1.500 kHz), they differ significantly in the number of pulses per call, call speed, call duration, bandwidth, pulse duration, and dominant frequency. Strong consistency in these acoustic parameters is also seen among males within sites and the observed variation may allow for individual recognition. Individual identification by call structure presumably benefits dispersed orangutans, where individuals characteristically forage independently and both encounters and interactions with signaling males are highly variable and largely dependent on context. Acoustic recognition of callers facilitates the choice of which males to join or avoid, thus allowing receivers to manipulate potential costs and benefits of association.

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Paleoenvironmental basis of cognitive evolution in great apes

Potts

2004

American J Primatol

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A bias favoring tree-dominated habitats and ripe-fruit frugivory has persisted in great ape evolution since the early Miocene. This bias is indicated by fossil ape paleoenvironments, molar morphology, dental microwear, the geographic pattern of extinctions, and extant apes' reliance on wooded settings. The ephemeral aspect of high-quality fruit has placed a premium on cognitive and social means of finding and defending food sources, and appears related to great apes' affinity since the Miocene for wooded, fruit-rich environments. These habitats have, however, undergone a severe withdrawal toward the low latitudes of Africa and Southeast Asia since the late Miocene, corresponding to a decline in the diversity of great apes beginning 9.5 million years ago. Plio-Pleistocene records imply that wooded settings of Africa and SE Asia were prone to substantial fragmentation and coalescence. Once apes were confined to equatorial settings, therefore, habitat instability heightened the spatial/temporal uncertainty of ripe-fruit sources. Prolonged learning, the assignment of attributes to distant places, mental representation, and reliance on fallback foods were all favored in this dynamic environmental context. These abilities helped sustain forest frugivory in most lineages. Fluid social grouping afforded the animals opportunities to locate ephemeral foods in continuous and fragmented forests. Fission-fusion grouping also magnified the problems of object impermanence (of individuals) and dispersion manifested by food sources in the ecological realm. Thus the spatial and temporal dynamics of fruit and wooded habitats since the Miocene are reflected in important components of great ape cognition, foraging, and sociality. In contrast to great apes, cercopithecoid monkeys have increased their plant dietary options and diversified in seasonal environments since the late Miocene. Early hominins eventually severed the habitat bias that characterized the evolution of great apes, and later expanded into diverse environments.

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The behavioral ecology and conservation of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): A tale of two islands

Cited by 203 publications

References 0 publications

“I look at my own forest and fields in a different way”: the lived experience of nature-based therapy in a therapy garden when suffering from stress-related illness

“I look at my own forest and fields in a different way”: the lived experience of nature-based therapy in a therapy garden when suffering from stress-related illness

Geographic Variation in the Long Calls of Male Orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Paleoenvironmental basis of cognitive evolution in great apes

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