The beginnings of drug therapy: Ancient mesopotamian medicine

Borchardt, John K.

doi:10.1358/dnp.2002.15.3.840015

Cited by 102 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…The history of drug therapy goes back to long years ago when human began to treat the diseases using natural medicines (1). Since then, preparation of animal, herbal and mineral medicaments have been practiced to produce a therapeutic effect (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Drug Delivery in Traditional Persian Medicine

Zarshenas

Zargaran

Müller

et al. 2013

Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod

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Background:Over one hundred different pharmaceutical dosage forms have been recorded in literatures of Traditional Persian Medicine among which nasal forms are considerable. Objectives: This study designed to derive the most often applied nasal dosage forms together with those brief clinical administrations. Materials and Methods: In the current study remaining pharmaceutical manuscripts of Persia during 9th to 18th century AD have been studied and different dosage forms related to nasal application of herbal medicines and their therapeutic effects were derived. Results: By searching through pharmaceutical manuscripts of medieval Persia, different nasal dosage forms involving eleven types related to three main groups are found. These types could be derived from powder, solution or liquid and gaseous forms. Gaseous form were classified into fumigation (Bakhoor), vapor bath (Enkebab), inhalation (Lakhlakheh), aroma agents (Ghalieh) and olfaction or smell (Shomoom). Nasal solutions were as drops (Ghatoor), nasal snuffing drops (Saoot) and liquid snuff formulations (Noshoogh). Powders were as nasal insufflation or snorting agents (Nofookh) and errhine or sternutator medicine (Otoos). Nasal forms were not applied only for local purposes. Rather systemic disorders and specially CNS complications were said to be a target for these dosage forms. Discussion: While this novel type of drug delivery is known as a suitable substitute for oral and parenteral administration, it was well accepted and extensively mentioned in Persian medical and pharmaceutical manuscripts and other traditional systems of medicine as well. Accordingly, medieval pharmaceutical standpoints on nasal dosage forms could still be an interesting subject of study. Therefore, the current work can briefly show the pharmaceutical knowledge on nasal formulations in medieval Persia and clarify a part of history of traditional Persian pharmacy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Drug Delivery in Traditional Persian Medicine

Zarshenas

Zargaran

Müller

et al. 2013

Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod

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“…Two years later, Lee and Schneider [102] investigated the drug-like properties of NPs mainly related to the Rule-of-Five [103,104] published by Lipinski four years earlier. 1 Their analysis found that NPs are slightly more lipophilic than drugs (logP of 2.9 vs. 2.1). More interestingly, the authors determined that only 10 percent of the NPs violated the Rule-of-Five albeit the rule had been derived exclusively from orally bioavailable drugs.…”

Section: Natural Product Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analysis, however, clearly shows that the properties of these compounds were much in the range of those of drugs than of NPs. This is especially true as far as the molecular 1 The Rule-of-Five is an empirical set of molecular parameters that are used to predict molecules which are likely to be orally bioavailable. In short: suitable compounds should have a molecular weight of 500 or less, an octanol-water-partition coefficient (logP) of less than 5 and contain no more than 5 hydrogen bond donors and 10 hydrogen bond acceptors.…”

Section: Natural Product Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout this quest, man has turned toward nature as a source for new remedies. The early steps of this process were merely accomplished by trials and errors, but eventually this large amount of knowledge was gathered and compiled in pharmacopeias, which date as far back as antiquity [1,2]. Even in our modern days, natural medicines are widely used, but most modern chemotherapies use pure and well-defined chemical entities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery

Lachance

Wetzel

Waldmann

2010

Lead Generation Approaches in Drug Discovery

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“…Egyptian pharmaceutical which is around 2900 BCE old, claims the ancient practice with regard to conventional medicine. Despite the fact that, "Ebers Papyrus" is the best-recognized record dating from 1500 BCE, enrolling more than 700 drugs, often derived from plant sources [7]. The Chinese traditional medicine has been extensively known throughout the centuries [8], with the record from around 2000 years back (1100 BCE; Wu Shi Er Bing Fang; containing 52 medicines), tailed by the herbal Shennong (100 BCE; 365 medicines) and the herbal Tang (659 CE; 850 medicines).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Indian Traditional Medicine: A Medical Inheritance.

Adhikari¹,

Paul

2018

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: Indian Traditional Medicine, the foundation of age-old practice of medicine in the world, has played an essential role in human health care service and welfare from its inception. Likewise, all traditional medicines are of its own regional effects and dominant in the West Asian nations; India, Pakistan, Tibet, and so forth, East Asian nations; China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and so forth, Africa, South and Central America. This article is an attempt to illuminate Indian traditional medical service and its importance, based on recent methodical reviews.Methods: Web search engines for example; Google, Science Direct and Google Scholar were employed for reviews as well as for meta-analysis. Results:There is a long running debate between individuals, who utilize Indian Traditional Medicines for different ailments and disorders, and the individuals who depend on the present day; modern medicine for cure. The civil argument between modern medicine and traditional medicines comes down to a basic truth; each person, regardless of education or sickness, ought to be educated about the actualities concerning their illness and the associated side effects of medicines. Therapeutic knowledge of Indian traditional medicine has propelled various traditional approaches with similar or different theories and methodologies, which are of regional significance. Conclusion:To extend research exercises on Indian Traditional Medicine, in near future, and to explore the phytochemicals; the current review will help the investigators involved in traditional medicinal pursuit.

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The beginnings of drug therapy: Ancient mesopotamian medicine

Cited by 102 publications

References 0 publications

Nasal Drug Delivery in Traditional Persian Medicine

Nasal Drug Delivery in Traditional Persian Medicine

Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery

History of Indian Traditional Medicine: A Medical Inheritance.

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