“…“Racial socialization – or the process by which people learn the meaning of their race and racial status in a particular society – shapes the way we understand our identity as well as how race might affect social status, culture, and group history” (p. 19). What Blackness means in an African country like Ghana (Pierre, ) is different from what Blackness means in South American countries like Mexico (Jones, ), Colombia (Paschel, ), or Brazil (Loveman, ; Monk, ), different from what Blackness means in a Caribbean country like Jamaica (Thomas, ; Vickerman, ) or European countries like France (Fleming, ) or England (Bashi Treitler, ; Imoagene, ). Historian Winston James () reiterates these claims by pointing out how immigrants coming from countries that are majority Black—like those in some parts of Africa and the Caribbean—and where Blacks are regularly in positions of power socializes them differently than African Americans, who are a minority in a country where the power elite are White.…”