The battle of Aleppo: external patrons and the victimization of civilians in civil war

Grant, Keith A.; Kaussler, Bernd

doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1672959

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The civil war in Syria is the most severe armed conflict in the world during last three decades [1] with more than 5.6 million people having fled the country since its onset in 2011. In the city of Aleppo alone, fighting has continued for almost 5 years, resulting in more than 24 000 civilian casualties, and ‘war crimes of historic proportions’ [1, p. 2]. As a consequence of their experiences, many refugees struggle with war-related mental health problems [2], with a prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 11–14% among adults relocated to Germany [3,4] and above 30% for those living in refugee camps in Syria and neighbouring countries [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Social cognition in refugee children: an experimental cross-sectional study of emotional processing with Syrian families in Turkish communities

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

More than 5.6 million people have fled Syria since 2011, about half of them children. These children grow up with parents that often suffer from war-related mental health problems. In this study, we assess emotional processing abilities of 6–18 year-old children growing up in families that have fled from Syria and reside in Turkish communities (100 families, 394 individuals). We demonstrate that mothers', but not fathers’, post-traumatic stress (PTS) impacts children's emotional processing abilities. A 4% reduction of mothers' PTS was equivalent to 1 year of development in children, even when controlling for parents’ traumatic experiences. Making a small investment in increased mental health of refugee mothers might have a positive impact on the lives of their children.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition in refugee children: an experimental cross-sectional study of emotional processing with Syrian families in Turkish communities

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The slow transition of traditional wars with mainly military engagement to very different modern conflicts, engaging civilians has not only brought about a change in warfare paradigm but also an increase in the number of civilian casualties (11,12,19,34,35,49,(78)(79)(80)85). The current state of globalization and the technological advancement within the arms industry enable nations to avoid interstate conflict and direct involvement, using proxy fighters and escaping state's responsibility in following the International Humanitarian Law and Geneva Convention (24,25,30,85,86).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of new technology and the development in the weapon industry and safety items such as body armor has resulted in a decline in the number of casualties caused by direct fire and small arms injuries. Furthermore, the development of trauma care and evacuation option has also resulted in fewer injuries and deaths on the military side (34,35,(79)(80)(81)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91). Nevertheless, these successes have also resulted in the development of isolated, local, and urban conflicts, high rates of explosions, and close encounters, influencing the civilian population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The figures from the domestic conflicts do not influence the total number of civilian casualties and deaths markedly. However, its significance lies in the fact that multi-level confrontations and assaults result in resource scarcity, particularly within the healthcare systems, over a longer period, causing a rise in the number of deaths, and a need for serious medical decisionmaking (5,9,13,44,(78)(79)(80)(81)(82).…”

Section: Calculating Civilian Casualty In Modern Armed Conflictsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estimating the Number of Civilian Casualties in Modern Armed Conflicts–A Systematic Review

Khorram‐Manesh

Burkle

Goniewicz

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To examine the possibility of estimating the number of civilian casualties in modern armed conflicts.Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science search engines. The outcome was analyzed using a qualitative inductive thematic analysis. The scientific evidence of selected article was assessed, using the Health Evidence Quality Assessment Tool.Findings: The review of 66 included articles in this study indicates that with an increasing number of public health emergencies and the lack of vital elements of life such as water and food, emerging armed conflicts seem to be inevitable. In contrast to military-led cross-border traditional wars, modern armed conflicts affect internally on local communities and take civilian lives. Consequently, the measures and tools used in traditional military-led cross-border wars to adequately tally wounded and dead for many decades under the mandates of the International Humanitarian Law, is insufficient for modern warfare. While casualty counting during modern conflicts is deficient due to organizational, political or strategic reasons, the international organizations responsible for collecting such data (the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent and International Institute of Humanitarian Law) face difficulties to access the conflict scene, resulting in under-reported, unreliable or no-reported data.Conclusion: There are challenges in estimating and counting the number of civilian casualties in modern warfare. Although the global need for such data is evident, the risks and barriers to obtaining such data should be recognized, and the need for new international involvement in future armed conflicts should be emphasized.

show abstract

Civilian Population Victimization: A Systematic Review Comparing Humanitarian and Health Outcomes in Conventional and Hybrid Warfare

Khorram‐Manesh

Burkle

2022

Disaster med. public health prep.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Summarize the Hybrid War’s core characteristics and humanitarian and medical impacts. Method: A Systematic Literature Review according to PRISMA guidelines, using the following keywords, Hybrid War; Humanitarian Law; Human Rights; Lawfare, and search engines, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Gothenburg University’s database to collect literature from 2000 to 2022 in English. The eligibility of qualified articles was assessed, an inductive qualitative thematic analysis was applied, and the scientific evidence of each selected piece was evaluated. Results: The objectives of a Hybrid War are to achieve the tactical and strategic goals in a battle rather than to save civilian lives. It involves networks of state and non-state actors with various means of military and militia influences and strategies, creating difficulties in implementing, controlling, and evaluating the “International Humanitarian Law’s A State responsibility” principle, to gain insight into an armed conflict. It targets populated civilian areas and raises ethical and moral concerns by using Lawfare. Conclusions: Hybrid War’s multi-domain action should be met with multi-dimensional approaches and “acceptable losses” doctrine. Its characteristics and consequences should be learned and taught. Several measures need to be implemented to counteract its impacts, and a flexible surge capacity should be designed, planned, and executed.

show abstract

The battle of Aleppo: external patrons and the victimization of civilians in civil war

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Social cognition in refugee children: an experimental cross-sectional study of emotional processing with Syrian families in Turkish communities

Social cognition in refugee children: an experimental cross-sectional study of emotional processing with Syrian families in Turkish communities

Estimating the Number of Civilian Casualties in Modern Armed Conflicts–A Systematic Review

Civilian Population Victimization: A Systematic Review Comparing Humanitarian and Health Outcomes in Conventional and Hybrid Warfare

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About