The Battle for a Sustainable Food Supply

Unsworth, John; Nakagawa, Yoshiaki; Harris, Caroline; Kleter, G.A.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17891-8_2

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Both Varro in the first century BCE and Columella in the first century CE described the use of an extract from wild cucumber ( Cucumis hystrix ) as a treatment for bed bugs (Smith and Secoy 1975 ). Since classical antiquity, humanity has continued to discover inorganic and organic substances that can be used to control pests in the field and in the home with varying degrees of efficacy (Unsworth et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Potential Drivers Of Freshwater Fish Declinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human induced fish declines in North America, how do agricultural pesticides compare to other drivers?

Brain

Prosser

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Numerous anthropogenic factors, historical and contemporary, have contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of freshwater fishes in North America. When Europeans first set foot on this continent some five hundred years ago, the environment was ineradicably changed. Settlers brought with them diseases, animals, and plants via the Columbian Exchange, from the old world to the new, facilitating a process of biological globalization. Invasive species were thus introduced into the Americas, displacing native inhabitants. Timber was felled for ship building and provisioning for agriculture, resulting in a mass land conversion for the purposes of crop cultivation. As European colonization expanded, landscapes were further modified to mitigate against floods and droughts via the building of dams and levees. Resources have been exploited, and native populations have been overfished to the point of collapse. The resultant population explosion has also resulted in wide-spread pollution of aquatic resources, particularly following the industrial and agricultural revolutions. Collectively, these activities have influenced the climate and the climate, in turn, has exacerbated the effects of these activities. Thus, the anthropogenic fingerprints are undeniable, but relatively speaking, which of these transformative factors has contributed most significantly to the decline of freshwater fishes in North America? This manuscript attempts to address this question by comparing and contrasting the preeminent drivers contributing to freshwater fish declines in this region in order to provide context and perspective. Ultimately, an evaluation of the available data makes clear that habitat loss, obstruction of streams and rivers, invasive species, overexploitation, and eutrophication are the most important drivers contributing to freshwater fish declines in North America. However, pesticides remain a dominant causal narrative in the popular media, despite technological advancements in pesticide development and regulation. Transitioning from organochlorines to organophosphates/carbamates, to pyrethroids and ultimately to the neonicotinoids, toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of pesticides have all steadily decreased over time. Concomitantly, regulatory frameworks designed to assess corresponding pesticide risks in Canada and the USA have become increasingly more stringent and intensive. Yet, comparatively, habitat loss continues unabated as agricultural land is ceded to the frontier of urban development, globalized commerce continues to introduce invasive species into North America, permanent barriers in the form of dams and levees remain intact, fish are still being extracted from native habitats (commercially and otherwise), and the climate continues to change. How then should we make sense of all these contributing factors? Here, we attempt to address this issue.

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Section: Potential Drivers Of Freshwater Fish Declinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human induced fish declines in North America, how do agricultural pesticides compare to other drivers?

Brain

Prosser

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The evolution of pesticides is classified into five single phases, namely, before 1000: early pest management; 1000-1850: use of plant, animal, or mineral derivatives; 1850-1940: use of inorganic products and industrial by-products; 1940-1970: use of synthetic organic compounds; 1970-present: use of lower-risk synthetic organic compounds. 1) When organic chemistry was introduced to the pesticide science field after World War II, the door of industrial pesticide science was opened. In the past century, many pesticide companies have been founded in Europe and the USA, most of which were merged in the 21st century, and various kinds of pesticides have been launched throughout the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of novel pesticides in the 21st century

2020

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General trends and strategies for novel pesticides are summarized. Global pesticide sales and pesticide discovery research are also briefly reviewed. At least 105 chemical pesticides have been launched during the past decade or are under development: 43 fungicides, 34 insecticides/acaricides, 6 nematicides, 21 herbicides, and 1 herbicide safener. Most of them are safe to humans and environmentally friendly. The most developed fungicides are SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors), DMI (demethylation inhibitors), QoI (quinone outside inhibitors), and QiI (quinone inside inhibitors). Due to the development of resistance to fungicides with existing modes of action, many fungicides possessing various novel modes of action have been launched or are under development. The trend of insecticide development is changing from organophosphorus, carbamate, and synthetic pyrethroids to nicotinic and diamide insecticides. During the past decade, compounds possessing a variety of novel modes of action have also been launched or are under development. Flupyradifurone and flupyrimin, exhibiting extremely low honeybee toxicity, have been developed and subjected to practical use. Herbicides possessing varied modes of action, such as acetolactate synthase, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, and very-long-chain fatty acid elongase inhibition, have been developed, but no herbicides possessing a novel mode action have commercialized in nearly 30 years. It is of interest that cyclopyrimorate, which was recently launched, and tetflupyrolimet, which is under development, have novel modes action: homogentisate solanesyltransferase (HST) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition, respectively. The development of useful acaricides and nematicides is also progressing. Some natural product origin pesticides are getting attention.

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Agrochemistry and Pharma

Vaz Jr

2023

Applications of Analytical Chemistry in Industry

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The Battle for a Sustainable Food Supply

Cited by 5 publications

References 129 publications

Human induced fish declines in North America, how do agricultural pesticides compare to other drivers?

Human induced fish declines in North America, how do agricultural pesticides compare to other drivers?

Development of novel pesticides in the 21st century

Agrochemistry and Pharma

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