The Battle between the Correct and Mirror Writings of a Digit in Children’s Recognition Memory

Abstract

Recent research into character reversals in writings produced by occidental children has shown that they mainly reverse the left-oriented digits (1, 2, 3, 7, and 9) and therefore appear to apply a right-orienting rule. But do they produce similar reversal errors when asked to recognize the digits? In an experiment, based on eye-tracking observations of 50 children (Mage = 5.4 years), children had to point towards a target digit in a 2 × 2 matrix also containing three distractor digits, one of which was the mirror-reversed writing of the correctly written target digit. This recognition task led to a true “battle” in children’s memory between the two writings of the target digit. This battle is shown in the graphical abstract that represents a heat map from a sub-sample of children (on the left side) and the fixation points map from an individual child (on the right side). Rather than following the predicted right-orienting rule, the children’s responses appeared to be biased towards digits in the right-hand column of the 2 × 2 matrices (when the reversed target digit was not in the same column as the correctly written target digit). As a whole, these findings support the hypotheses that many 4- to 6-year-old’s representations of the digit writings are unoriented in their memory and that these children may adopt different solutions to overcome this lack of orientation depending on whether they write or read.

Miswriting (Especially Mirror Writing) of the Digits: An Ecological Assessment Using ELFE Data

“…According to this theory, the main problem 4-to 5-year-old children encounter when writing a digit is choosing its orientation, a problem that disappears when children have to recognize or read a correctly written digit. Accordingly, Fischer and Luxembourger's (2020) eye-tracking study confi rmed that digit reversal by typical developing children is not the same phenomenon in reading and writing.…”

A Test of Three Models of Character Reversal in Typically Developing Children’s Writing

“…One of the main difficulties in reading beginners is the distinction of a letter from its reversal, which is fundamental for distinguish b and d, or p and q. Thus, it is important to know that writing and reading, at least its letter recognition subcomponent, do not raise the same treatment of reversal in children (Fischer and Luxembourger, 2020; but see McIntosh et al, 2018b). Many researchers certainly consider the two tasks to be closely related, but given their relative importance, they investigate reading exclusively, following the example of Wechsler and Pignatelli (1937).…”