“…In the present study, SPAI 90d or 30d and STAI 90d or 30d , that is, SAI of 90‐ and 30‐day precipitation and 2‐m air temperature, are used to describe meteorological droughts and concurrent near‐surface temperature anomalies at seasonal and monthly scales. Meanwhile, the traditional percentile‐based indices are usually employed to describe the anomaly degrees of synoptic extremes, such as extreme precipitations (Wang et al, 2022), heat waves (Fang & Lu, 2020; Li et al, 2023; Vogel et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2013, 2016) and cold surges (Dai et al, 2022; Li et al, 2022; Zhang et al, 2022a) on historical records. Therefore, the present study also provides percentile‐based indices (e.g., P ExtrePreci,1d , P Heat,1d and P Cold,1d ) prepared for the detection of synoptic extremes.…”