THE BASE COMPOSITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOMES, NUCLEOLI, NUCLEAR SAP, AND CYTOPLASM OF <i>TRITURUS</i> OOCYTES

Edström, Jan‐Erik; Gall, Joseph G.

doi:10.1083/jcb.19.2.279

Cited by 87 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…), che hanno portato ad un notevole approfondimento delle nostre conoscenze sulla morfologia e sulla struttura dei cromosomi lampbrush degli ovociti degli Anfibi; non si puo inoltre dimenticare il contributo dato da altri ricercatori, in particolare Gm'iNoT e DANON (1953), WISCHNITZER (1957,1961), SRIVASTAVA e BHATNAGAR (1962), MACGREGOR e CALLAN (1962), MACGREGOR (1963), MACGREGOR e UzzELL (1964), Mll.LER (1964a). Molto importanti sono anche alcune ricerche condotte con metodiche biochimiche, che hanna notevolmente chiarito il significato funzionale dei bivalenti lampbrush (GALL e CALLAN 1962, lzAwA, .Al.LFREY e MIRsKY 1963, EDSTROM e GALL 1963, DAVIDSON, .Al.LFREY e MIRSKY 1964. Confrontando i risultati di questi studi con quelli gi!t noti per Drosophila e con quelli ottenuti da BEERMANN e Coll.…”

Section: Introduzioneunclassified

Le Mappe dei Cromosomi « Lampbrush » diTriturus(Anfibi Urodeli). I.Triturus Alpestris Apuanus

Mancino

Barsacchi

1965

Caryologia

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Section: Introduzioneunclassified

Le Mappe dei Cromosomi « Lampbrush » diTriturus(Anfibi Urodeli). I.Triturus Alpestris Apuanus

Mancino

Barsacchi

1965

Caryologia

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“…We know that the total concentration of RNA (Edstrom and Gall, 1963) and DNA (Gall, 1969) in amphibian GVs is trivial relative to protein, but we do not know about possible contributions from small molecules other than ions. Thus, our estimate of protein concentration could be slightly high.…”

Section: Nucleoplasmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cajal Bodies, Nucleoli, and Speckles in the Xenopus Oocyte Nucleus Have a Low-Density, Sponge-like Structure

Handwerger

Cordero

Gall

2005

MBoC

226

154

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Nuclear organelles, unlike many cytoplasmic organelles, lack investing membranes and are thus in direct contact with the surrounding nucleoplasm. Because the properties of the nucleoplasm and nuclear organelles influence the exchange of molecules from one compartment to another, it is important to understand their physical structure. We studied the density of the nucleoplasm and the density and permeability of nucleoli, Cajal bodies (CBs), and speckles in the Xenopus oocyte nucleus or germinal vesicle (GV). Refractive indices were measured by interferometry within intact GVs isolated in oil. The refractive indices were used to estimate protein concentrations for nucleoplasm (0.106 g/cm 3 ), CBs (0.136 g/cm 3 ), speckles (0.162 g/cm 3 ), and the dense fibrillar region of nucleoli (0.215 g/cm 3 ). We determined similar protein concentrations for nuclear organelles isolated in aqueous media, where they are no longer surrounded by nucleoplasm. To examine the permeability of nuclear organelles, we injected fluorescent dextrans of various molecular masses (3-2000 kDa) into the cytoplasm or directly into the GV and measured the extent to which they penetrated the organelles. Together, the interferometry and dextran penetration data show that organelles in the Xenopus GV have a low-density, sponge-like structure that provides access to macromolecules from the nucleoplasm.

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“…An even stronger impetus was provided by the later availability of micromanipulators and microscale biochemical methods with which the RNA content and base composition of microdissected cell samples could be measured at the picogram level (82). The RNA base composition was determined with the standard errors of the mean typically within 1-2% of the average (84,151). It was through this method that the existence of mRNA in single eukaryotic cells (initially termed "nonribosomal DNA-like RNA") was first distinguished from rRNA or tRNA.…”

Section: Enhanced Nervous Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Gene Expression in Axons and Nerve Endings: The Glia-Neuron Unit

Giuditta¹,

Chun²,

Eyman³

et al. 2008

Physiological Reviews

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Neurons have complex and often extensively elongated processes. This unique cell morphology raises the problem of how remote neuronal territories are replenished with proteins. For a long time, axonal and presynaptic proteins were thought to be exclusively synthesized in the cell body, which delivered them to peripheral sites by axoplasmic transport. Despite this early belief, protein has been shown to be synthesized in axons and nerve terminals, substantially alleviating the trophic burden of the perikaryon. This observation raised the question of the cellular origin of the peripheral RNAs involved in protein synthesis. The synthesis of these RNAs was initially attributed to the neuron soma almost by default. However, experimental data and theoretical considerations support the alternative view that axonal and presynaptic RNAs are also transcribed in the flanking glial cells and transferred to the axon domain of mature neurons. Altogether, these data suggest that axons and nerve terminals are served by a distinct gene expression system largely independent of the neuron cell body. Such a local system would allow the neuron periphery to respond promptly to environmental stimuli. This view has the theoretical merit of extending to axons and nerve terminals the marginalized concept of a glial supply of RNA (and protein) to the neuron cell body. Most long-term plastic changes requiring de novo gene expression occur in these domains, notably in presynaptic endings, despite their intrinsic lack of transcriptional capacity. This review enlightens novel perspectives on the biology and pathobiology of the neuron by critically reviewing these issues.

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THE BASE COMPOSITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN LAMPBRUSH CHROMOSOMES, NUCLEOLI, NUCLEAR SAP, AND CYTOPLASM OF TRITURUS OOCYTES

Cited by 87 publications

References 13 publications

Le Mappe dei Cromosomi « Lampbrush » diTriturus(Anfibi Urodeli). I.Triturus Alpestris Apuanus

Le Mappe dei Cromosomi « Lampbrush » diTriturus(Anfibi Urodeli). I.Triturus Alpestris Apuanus

Cajal Bodies, Nucleoli, and Speckles in the Xenopus Oocyte Nucleus Have a Low-Density, Sponge-like Structure

Local Gene Expression in Axons and Nerve Endings: The Glia-Neuron Unit

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