The Basal Katabolism of Cattle and Other Species

Armsby, Henry Prentiss; Fries, J. August; Braman, Winfred W.

doi:10.1073/pnas.4.1.1

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“…There is relatively little detailed information concerning the value of grass and grassland products as sources of energy for ruminants. Armsby and his associates (Armsby & Fries, 1915;Armsby, Fries & Braman, 1916;Armsby & Fries, 1918) studied the utilization of the energy of alfalfa, clover and timothy hays by sheep when fed at the maintenance level, using a respiration calorimeter. Mitchell, Kammlade & Hamilton (1928) examined the relative energy values of alfalfa, clover and timothy hays for the maintenance of sheep, using the carcass slaughter technique.…”

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Evaluvation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep:II. The energy value of cocksfoot, timothy and two strains of rye-grass at varying stages of maturity

Armstrong

1964

J. Agric. Sci.

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There is relatively little detailed information concerning the value of grass and grassland products as sources of energy for ruminants. Armsby and his associates (Armsby & Fries, 1915;Armsby, Fries & Braman, 1916;Armsby & Fries, 1918) studied the utilization of the energy of alfalfa, clover and timothy hays by sheep when fed at the maintenance level, using a respiration calorimeter. Mitchell, Kammlade & Hamilton (1928) examined the relative energy values of alfalfa, clover and timothy hays for the maintenance of sheep, using the carcass slaughter technique. The energy values of some artificially heat-dried grasses fed to sheep in respiration chambers have been given by Blaxter & Graham (1955) and preliminary results of an investigation on freeze-dried herbage fed to sheep in a gradient-layer calorimeter have been reported by Corbett, Langlands & Puller (1962). Heinzel (1943) fed small supplements of fresh and artificially dried grass to sheep in respiration chambers receiving a basal diet of clover-grass hay.The first paper of this series (Waite, Johnston & Armstrong, 1964) referred to the chemical composition and digestibility by sheep of rye-grass S 23 cut at four stages of maturity, cocksfoot S 37 and timothy S 48 each cut at three stages of growth and of rye-grass S 24 cut at two stages of growth. This paper gives the results of calorimetric experiments carried out to measure the energy value of the dried grasses. Preliminary reports of some of the findings have been published (Armstrong, 1960(Armstrong, , 1963. EXPERIMENTALGrasses. The grasses have already been described by Waite etal. (1964).Sheep. During the first year's experiments in which the four cuts of rye-grass S 23 were given, * Present address: University of Newcastle upon Tyne. eight wether sheep aged 3J-5 years and of mixed breed, and four Down-Halfbred cross wethers aged 1\ years were used.In the subsequent experiments during which the cuts of cocksfoot, timothy and rye-grass S 24 were given, the sheep were all Down-Halfbred cross wethers, aged 3 years, four of which had been used in the earlier experiments with rye-grass S 23. All the sheep were well trained to the regime of respiration chamber experiments before the work began.Four sheep each equipped with a permanent rumen fistula were used to obtain rumen liquor samples which would be characteristic of the rumen liquor of the sheep given the various grasses. Two of these sheep were among those used in the calorimetric experiments with rye-grass S 23.The sheep were not shorn until all the experiments had been completed. Plan of experiment(i) The four cuts of rye-grass S 23. In the first instance each of the four cuts was given to each of two mature sheep at five different levels of intake ranging from approximately half maintenance (level a) to that considered close to maximal voluntary intake (level e). For any one sheep the order of receiving the various levels was decided from a random selection of models fulfilling the condition that level o or level b (the two lowest levels) did not fo...

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Evaluvation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep:II. The energy value of cocksfoot, timothy and two strains of rye-grass at varying stages of maturity

Armstrong

1964

J. Agric. Sci.

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“…It is present as a "solvent," or is a "preservative" or "to prevent freezing"-anything but for its physiologic action. As an evidence of its marvelously potent medicinal qualities the manufacturer of one especially 4 widely advertised product of this type has pointed to the number of carloads of his preparation that have been shipped into certain specific territories. Every pharmacist and every physician knows that the alleged medicinal virtues of these nostrums could, after their "extraction" by alcohol, be put up in solid form and the alcohol saved.…”

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1918

JAMA

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The Basal Metabolism of Steers

Benedict

Ritzman

1927

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The character and the amount of food eaten, the time and the rapidity of eating and the muscular activity incidental to a 24-hour life are so variable with different animals and, indeed, with different humans, that physiologists have attempted to prescribe certain definite conditions of. experimenting in order to rule out the effect of these variables upon metabolism and to measure the metabolism under conditions in which all external and, so far as possible, internal factors affecting metabolism are eliminated. The main object of measuring the basal metabolism is to determine what one may call the "over-head cost" of living of the organism, that is, the irreducible minimum. The measurement of the basal metab-. olism has further importance in comparative physiology, in that it is the only logical basis for the comparison of the relative heat-production of different individuals with each other or with different species.With humans these basal measurements are made in the so-called "postabsorptive condition," which may usually be obtained 12 hours after the last meal, if the meal is not too rich in protein or calories. The subject should be lying, well covered with clothing, comfortable, psychically and muscularly in repose and obviously without fever. With animals comparable conditions are difficult to secure. In-the case of the steer, for instance, food may be withheld, the body temperature may be normal, and muscular activity may for the most part be ruled out, and yet it is impossible to make a steer lie down and remain lying for any length of time. Moreover, thus far the element of protection from the external temperature, other than the normal coating of hair, has not been considered. Obviously extremes in temperature are to be avoided, for it has been found that with the rat and the dog small differences in temperature result in considerable differences in metabolism, induced either by restlessness, shivering or possibly a stimulus to greater heat-production to combat the effect of cold. With human beings, well covered as they are, temperature variations, unless extreme, play a small r6le. Observations thus far with the steer imply that the influence of environmental temperature is likewise small, particularly if the animal is normally fed. Indeed, an extensive series of experiments has shown that the temperature factor is much less pronounced with ruminants than with either the rat or the dog, and as practically all of our experiments with steers were made at or near 20°C. (the temperature 132

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The Basal Katabolism of Cattle and Other Species

Cited by 3 publications

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Evaluvation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep:II. The energy value of cocksfoot, timothy and two strains of rye-grass at varying stages of maturity

Evaluvation of artificially dried grass as a source of energy for sheep:II. The energy value of cocksfoot, timothy and two strains of rye-grass at varying stages of maturity

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The Basal Metabolism of Steers

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