The Baltic Sea Experiment (BALTEX): A European Contribution to the Investigation of the Energy and Water Cycle over a Large Drainage Basin

Raschke, E.; Meywerk, J.; Warrach, Kirsten; Andrea, U.; Bergström, Sten; Beyrich, Frank; Bosveld, Fred C.; Bumke, Karl; Fortelius, Carl; Graham, L. Phil; Gryning, S-E.; Halldin, Sven; Hasse, Lutz; Heikinheimo, Martti; Isemer, H. J.; Jacob, Daniela; Jauja, I.; Karlsson, Karl‐Göran; Keevallik, Sirje; Koistinen, Jarmo; Lammeren, A. van; Lass, U.; Launianen, Jouko; Lehmann, Andreas; Liljebladh, Bengt; Lobmeyr, M.; Matthäus, Wolfgang; Mengelkamp, T.; Michelson, Daniel; Napiorkowski, Jarosław J.; Omstedt, Anders; Piechura, Jan; Rockel, Burkhardt; Rubel, Franz; Ruprecht, Eberhard; Smedman, A-S.; Stigebrandt, Anders

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2389:tbseba>2.3.co;2

Cited by 54 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Further development of the model took place at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, where the physical parameterisations from ECHAM4 were implemented into the Europamodell code (Jacob and Podzun 1997;Jacob 2001). Within the international BALTEX (BALtic sea EXPeriment) project (Raschke et al 1998(Raschke et al , 2001Jacob et al 2005) the model has been validated, further developed and applied to study the hydrological cycle in the Baltic Sea catchments (Lehmann et al 2004). In recent years the application of REMO has been extended to other regions of the world -including Polar Regions and to climate projections into the future (Pfeifer and Jacob 2005;Jacob et al 2005).…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of changed vegetations fields on regional climate simulations in the Barents Sea Region

et al. 2007

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In the context of the EU-Project BALANCE (http://balance-eu.info) the regional climate model REMO was used for extensive calculations of the Barents Sea climate to investigate the vulnerability of this region to climate change. The regional climate model REMO simulated the climate change of the Barents Sea Region between 1961 and 2100 (Control and Climate Change run, CCC-Run). REMO on~50 km horizontal resolution was driven by the transient ECHAM4/OPYC3 IPCC SRES B2 scenario. The output of the CCC-Run was applied to drive the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. The results of the vegetation model were used to repeat the CCC-Run with dynamic vegetation fields. The feedback effect of the modified vegetation on the climate change signal is investigated and discussed with focus on precipitation, temperature and snow cover. The effect of the offline coupled vegetation feedback run is much lower than the greenhouse gas effect.

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Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of changed vegetations fields on regional climate simulations in the Barents Sea Region

et al. 2007

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“…context of some observing experiments like the BALTEX (the Baltic Sea Experiment) (Raschke et al, 2001) and the Baltic Sea Patchiness Experiment, PEX (ICES, 1989(ICES, , 1992(ICES, , 1994. In recent years, there are also some on-going operational modeling activities (Buch et al, 2006) that benefit from these observational networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the three dimensional temperature and salinity observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea

Høyer

She

2011

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The spatial averaged correlations are presented in 1.5 • × 1.5 • bins for the North and Baltic Sea region. The averaged correlations are computed based on the proxy ocean data generated by the operational forecast model of Danish Meteorology Institute (DMI). It is shown that the spatial distribution of the averaged correlations could reflect the overall influence of the local atmospheric forcing, complex topography, coastlines, boundary and bottom effect, etc. Comparisons with the satellite SST data demonstrate that the proxy ocean data reproduce realistic results at the surface. Based on the spatial bin-averaged correlations, a general correlation model is assumed to approximate the spatial and temporal correlation structure. Parameters of the correlation model are obtained on the standard Levitus levels. It is found that the correlation model is not the typical Guaussian-type function. For instance, the exponents of the correlation model vary in the longitudinal direction from 0.75 at the surface to 1.33 at the depth of 250 m for temperature. For salinity, the temporal correlation can be approximated with an exponential function.Two complementary quality-indicators, effective coverage rate and "explained" variance, are defined based on the correlation models obtained above. The two indicators are able to identify the "influence area" of the information content in a given observation network and the relative importance of observations at different locations. By these indicators, the 3-D temperature and salinity observational networks are assessed in the Baltic Sea and North Sea for the period 2004-2006. It is found that the surface level is more effectively covered than the deep waters with existing networks. In addition, the Belt Sea and the Baltic Proper also show good coverage for both temperature and salinity. However, more observations are required in the Norwegian Trench and Kattegat. In the

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“…The main experiments of GEWEX aim to understand the global-scale water budget, and regional projects have been implemented to study regional-scale budgets. The Baltic Sea Experiment BALTEX (Raschke et al, 2001;BALTEX, 1995) is the European regional experiment in the framework of GEWEX. Improvement of the knowledge of the water and energy cycles in the Baltic Sea catchment area is the goal of this programme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the atmospheric water budget of the BALTEX area using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data

Ruprecht

Kahl

2003

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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The Baltic Sea Experiment BALTEX is the European regional project of GEWEX. The aim of BALTEX is to improve the knowledge of the water and energy cycle of the Baltic Sea including its catchment area (the BALTEX area). In this study the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (Kalnay et al. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 1996, 77, 437-471) are used to derive the mean atmospheric water budget over the BALTEX area. For this purpose the horizontal water vapour fluxes are calculated. In the long-term mean (here 1948 -2000) the vertically integrated divergence of these fluxes must balance evaporation minus precipitation. The latter two are provided by the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. The water budget over the BALTEX area is, however, not closed. An error estimation is performed. The divergence of the water vapour flux is corrected due to the mass balance correction technique (Alestalo, Tellus, 1981, 33, 360-371). Large differences are obtained between the precipitation given by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and by the analysis of the observations by Rubel and Hantel (Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 2001, 77, 155-166). With these analysed precipitation data and the corrected divergence of the water vapour fluxes the imbalance of the water vapour budget could be remarkably reduced.

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The Baltic Sea Experiment (BALTEX): A European Contribution to the Investigation of the Energy and Water Cycle over a Large Drainage Basin

Cited by 54 publications

References 72 publications

Influence of changed vegetations fields on regional climate simulations in the Barents Sea Region

Influence of changed vegetations fields on regional climate simulations in the Barents Sea Region

Assessment of the three dimensional temperature and salinity observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea

Investigation of the atmospheric water budget of the BALTEX area using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data

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