The balloon analogue risk task (BART) differentiates smokers and nonsmokers.

Lejuez, Carl W.; Aklin, Will M.; Jones, Heather A.; Richards, Jerry B.; Strong, David R.; Kahler, Christopher W.; Read, Jennifer P.

doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.1.26

Cited by 450 publications

(459 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Nevertheless, smokers generally score relatively highly on such scales (e.g. Lejuez et al, 2003;Mitchell, 1999). Whilst Doran et al (2004) found one widely used measure of trait impulsivity to predict speed of relapse in adult smokers, Krishnan-Sarins et al (2007) found no such relationship in adolescents; interestingly, however, in this group relapse was predicted by two behavioural indices of impulsiveness (delay discounting and commission errors on a Continuous Performance Task).…”

Section: Response Inhibition / Inhibitory Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relative to non-smokers, smokers have been found to be impaired on behavioural indices of impulse control in oculomotor (antisaccade), go/no-go, and delayed alternation tasks (e.g. Spinella, 2002), to take more risks in decision-making (Lejuez et al, 2003) and to show abnormally strong preferences for immediate or certain rewards over larger but delayed or less certain rewards (delay or probability discounting; e.g. Bickel et al, 1999;Mitchell, 1999;Reynolds et al, 2004).…”

Section: Response Inhibition / Inhibitory Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

et al. 2010

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Rationale: Neurobiological models of addiction suggest that abnormalities of brain reward circuitry distort salience attribution and inhibitory control processes, which in turn contribute to high relapse rates. Objectives:To determine whether impairments of salience attribution and inhibitory control predict relapse in a pharmacologically unaided attempt at smoking cessation.Methods: 141 smokers were assessed on indices of nicotine consumption / dependence (e.g. the FTND, cigarettes per day, salivary cotinine), and three trait impulsivity measures. After overnight abstinence they completed experimental tests of cue reactivity, attentional bias to smoking cues, response to financial reward, motor impulsiveness, and response inhibition (antisaccades). They then started a quit attempt with follow-up after 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months; abstinence was verified via salivary cotinine levels ≤ 20ng/ml. Results:Relapse rates at each point were 52.5%, 64% and 76.3%. The strongest predictor was pre-cessation salivary cotinine; other smoking / dependence indices did not explain additional outcome variance and neither did trait impulsivity. All experimental indices except responsivity to financial reward significantly predicted one week outcome. Salivary cotinine, attentional bias to smoking cues and antisaccade errors explained unique as well as shared variance. At one and three months, salivary cotinine, motor impulsiveness and cue reactivity were all individually predictive; the effects of salivary cotinine and motor impulsiveness were additive.Conclusions: These data provide some support for the involvement of abnormal cognitive and motivational processes in sustaining smoking dependence and suggest that they might be a focus of interventions, especially in the early stages of cessation.2

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Section: Response Inhibition / Inhibitory Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Response Inhibition / Inhibitory Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

et al. 2010

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“…16,34 Specifically, risk-taking on the BART is highly correlated with measures of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and deficiencies in behavioral constraint, as well as with self-reported occurrence of addiction and other risky behaviors. [16][17][18]34 The BART simulates a balloon being inflated by the participant with each click of a mouse. Each pump is worth 5 cents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16][17][18] While the protocol allowed for recreational drug use in the past (defined as drug use without diagnosis of abuse, dependence, or participation in a detoxification program), individuals were excluded for recreational drug use within the past week. Smoking was not considered an exclusion criterion.…”

Section: Inclusion/exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward-Seeking Behavior in Human Narcolepsy

Dimitrova

Fronczek

Ploeg

et al. 2011

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Study Objectives: The hypocretin system enhances signaling in the mesolimbic pathways regulating reward processing and addiction. Because individuals with narcolepsy with cataplexy have low hypocretin levels, we hypothesized that they may be less prone to risk-and reward-seeking behaviors, including substance abuse. Design: Endpoints were performance on an array of psychometric tests (including the Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale, the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, the Gormally Binge Eating Scale, and the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory) and on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Setting: Tertiary narcolepsy referral centers in Leiden (The Netherlands) and Boston (USA). Patients: Subjects with narcolepsy with cataplexy (n = 30), narcolepsy without cataplexy (n = 15), and controls (n = 32) matched for age, sex, and smoking behavior. Interventions: None. Measurements and Results: There was no difference in risktaking behavior between narcolepsy with or without cataplexy and the control group, as measured using the BART and the array of questionnaires. However, subjects in the narcolepsy with cataplexy group had significantly higher scores on the Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale (p < 0.05), with 10.0% categorized as impulsive, compared to 6.7% of the narcolepsy without cataplexy group and none of the controls. Narcoleptics with cataplexy also scored significantly higher than controls on the Binge Eating Scale (p < 0.05), with moderate or severe binge eating in 23%. On the depression and anxiety scales, all narcolepsy patients, especially those with cataplexy, scored significantly higher than controls. Conclusions:We found that narcoleptics with or without cataplexy generally have normal risk-taking behavior, but narcoleptics with cataplexy were more impulsive and more prone to binge eating than patients without cataplexy and controls. Our findings shed new light on the relation between sleepiness and impulsiveness. Furthermore, rates of depression and anxiety were higher in all narcoleptic subjects. However, using the current methods, no evidence could be found to support the hypothesis that hypocretin deficiency would affect reward-processing in humans. Keywords: Narcolepsy, cataplexy, hypocretin, orexin, risktaking, addiction, reward-seeking, substance abuse, sleep, sleepiness Citation: Dimitrova A; Fronczek R; Van der Ploeg J; Scammell T; Gautam S; Pascual-Leone A; Lammers GJ. Rewardseeking behavior in human narcolepsy. S C I E N T I F I C I N V E S T I G A T I O N SN arcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by an extensive loss of the neurons producing the hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptides. 1,2 Loss of these essential signaling molecules results in chronic daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and other REM sleep associated phenomena. 3 In addition, considerable research indicates that the hypocretin system enhances signaling in the mesolimbic pathways that regulate reward processing and addiction, and hypocretin is now considered a key factor in of the neural mechanisms of drug addiction. 4,5 In response to drugs of a...

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“…Also, riskiness on the BART was correlated with the selfreported occurrence of addictive, health, and safety risk behaviors. Subsequent research with adults has provided further evidence for a correlation between BART scores and substance use in community and clinical samples Lejuez et al, 2003;Pleskac et al, 2008). Following this work, the BART was extended to middle adolescents (ages 14-17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching for predictors of the risk decision-making process in social situations in the adolescence

Padrón

López

Rodríguez³

2015

R Est Inv Psico y Educ

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This study examined how well self-reported sensation seeking, empathy and resistance to peer influence, and performance on the computer-based measure to evaluate risk-taking behavior (Balloon Analogue Risk Task, BART) predicted the risk decision-making process on the computer-based Social Context Decision Task (SCDT). Participants were 256 early, mid- and late adolescents and young adults, distributed by age and gender. Early adolescents scored lower on sensation seeking and empathy than late adolescents and young adults. Men scored higher on sensation seeking whereas women scored higher on empathy and resistance to peer influence. Regression models showed that riskiness on the BART was positively related to the percentage of risk elections and shorter decision times in the SCDT task, with the BART parameters accounting for variance in these measures beyond that accounted for by age, gender and Disinhibition. These results contributed to a more comprehensive multimethod assessment of the process of risk decision making in social situations.

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The balloon analogue risk task (BART) differentiates smokers and nonsmokers.

Cited by 450 publications

References 32 publications

Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive and motivational predictors

Reward-Seeking Behavior in Human Narcolepsy

Searching for predictors of the risk decision-making process in social situations in the adolescence

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