The Bacteriophages of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>

McShan, W. Michael; McCullor, Kimberly A.; Nguyen, Scott V.

doi:10.1128/9781683670131.ch11

Cited by 15 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…pneumoniae 26,28 , S . pyogenes 25,30 and S . agalactiae genomes 31 ; however, genus-wide analyses of the genomic diversity and population structure of streptococcal prophages have not yet been reported.…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prophages and satellite prophages are widespread amongStreptococcusspecies and may play a role in pneumococcal pathogenesis

Javan

Ramos‐Sevillano

Akter

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Prophages (viral genomes integrated within a host bacterial genome) are abundant within the bacterial world and are of interest because they often confer various phenotypic traits to their hosts, such as by encoding genes that increase pathogenicity. Satellite prophages are ‘parasites of parasites’ that rely on the bacterial host and another helper prophage for survival. We analysed >1,300 genomes of 70 different Streptococcus species for evidence of prophages and identified nearly 800 prophages and satellite prophages, the majority of which are reported here for the first time. We show that prophages and satellite prophages were widely distributed among streptococci, were two clearly different entities and each possessed a structured population. There was convincing evidence that cross-species transmission of prophages is not uncommon. Furthermore, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading human pathogen worldwide, but the genetic basis for its pathogenicity and virulence is not yet fully understood. Here we report that over one-third of pneumococcal genomes possessed satellite prophages and demonstrate for the first time that a satellite prophage was associated with virulence in a murine model of infection. Overall, our findings demonstrate that prophages are widespread components of Streptococcus species and suggest that they play a role in pneumococcal pathogenesis.

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Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prophages and satellite prophages are widespread amongStreptococcusspecies and may play a role in pneumococcal pathogenesis

Javan

Ramos‐Sevillano

Akter

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Furthermore, phage-mediated DNA transfer may cause profound changes in bacterial gene expression, for example by inactivating host genes or altering the expression of adjacent genes during DNA insertion [1]. In the Gram-positive human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, the high number of prophages (between 2 and 8, depending on the clinical isolate) that carry virulence-related genes is evidence of the importance of HGT in the evolution of this pathogen [2,3]. Prophages constitute up to 14% of the S. pyogenes genome and encode important virulence factors such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, DNases and the phospholipase SlaA [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacteria can produce extracellular matrix components and/or competitive inhibitors that obstruct phage receptors on the bacterial surface. For example, the hyaluronic acid capsule of S. pyogenes is a barrier to the phage A25 which does not encode a hyaluronidase [3,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR-Cas in Streptococcus pyogenes

et al. 2019

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The discovery and characterization of the prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas immune system has led to a revolution in genome editing and engineering technologies. Despite the fact that most applications emerged after the discovery of the type II-A CRISPR-Cas9 system of Streptococcus pyogenes , its biological importance in this organism has received little attention. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about CRISPR-Cas systems from S. pyogenes . We discuss how the interplay between CRISPR-mediated immunity and horizontal gene transfer might have modeled the evolution of this pathogen. We review the current literature about the CRISPR-Cas systems present in S. pyogenes (types I-C and II-A), and describe their distinctive biochemical and functional features. Finally, we summarize the main biotechnological applications that have arisen from the discovery of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in S. pyogenes .

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“…Phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer events are responsible for the spread of novel functions including the development of pathogenicity in bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 (5), Vibrio cholerae El Tor N16961 (7), Streptococcus pyogenes (8) and many Staphylococcus aureus strains (9). Phages may mediate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the mammalian intestine (10), and also transfer more benign genes such as those involved in photosynthesis (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prophage genomics reveals patterns in phage genome organization and replication

Kang

McNair

Cuevas

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Temperate phage genomes are highly variable mosaic collections of genes that infect a bacterial host, integrate into the host's genome or replicate as low copy number plasmids, and are regulated to switch from the lysogenic to lytic cycles to generate new virions and escape their host. Genomes from most Bacterial phyla contain at least one or more prophages. We updated our PhiSpy algorithm to improve detection of prophages and to provide a web-based framework for PhiSpy. We have used this algorithm to identify 36,488 prophage regions from 11,941 bacterial genomes, including almost 600 prophages with no known homology to any proteins. Transfer RNA genes were abundant in the prophages, many of which alleviate the limits of translation efficiency due to host codon bias and presumably enable phages to surpass the normal capacity of the hosts' translation machinery. We identified integrase genes in 15,765 prophages (43% of the prophages). The integrase was routinely located at either end of the integrated phage genome, and was used to orient and align prophage genomes to reveal their underlying organization. The conserved genome alignments of phages recapitulate early, middle, and late gene order in transcriptional control of phage genes, and demonstrate that gene order, presumably selected by transcription timing and/or coordination among functional modules has been stably conserved throughout phage evolution. ConclusionsHere we presented an analysis of over 11,000 bacterial genomes from which we identified 36,488 prophages. Many phages appear to be limited by initiation of translation by the host's machinery, and may increase translation rates by carrying their own tRNA genes, effectively increasing the availability of both tRNAs loaded with methionine and of peptide deformylase. We have also demonstrated that phages maintain a highly conserved gene order that suggests phage genome mosaicism is limited to clusters of conserved genes rather than individual genes.

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The Bacteriophages of Streptococcus pyogenes

Cited by 15 publications

References 116 publications

Prophages and satellite prophages are widespread amongStreptococcusspecies and may play a role in pneumococcal pathogenesis

Prophages and satellite prophages are widespread amongStreptococcusspecies and may play a role in pneumococcal pathogenesis

CRISPR-Cas in Streptococcus pyogenes

Prophage genomics reveals patterns in phage genome organization and replication

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